Source:
42 FR 14308, Mar. 15, 1977, unless otherwise noted.
Subpart A - General Provisions
§ 101.1 Principal display panel of package form food.
The term principal display panel as it applies to food in package form and as used in this part, means the part of a label that is most likely to be displayed, presented, shown, or examined under customary conditions of display for retail sale. The principal display panel shall be large enough to accommodate all the mandatory label information required to be placed thereon by this part with clarity and conspicuousness and without obscuring design, vignettes, or crowding. Where packages bear alternate principal display panels, information required to be placed on the principal display panel shall be duplicated on each principal display panel. For the purpose of obtaining uniform type size in declaring the quantity of contents for all packages of substantially the same size, the term area of the principal display panel means the area of the side or surface that bears the principal display panel, which area shall be:
[a] In the case of a rectangular package where one entire side properly can be considered to be the principal display panel side, the product of the height times the width of that side;
[b] In the case of a cylindrical or nearly cylindrical container, 40 percent of the product of the height of the container times the circumference;
[c] In the case of any otherwise shaped container, 40 percent of the total surface of the container: Provided, however, That where such container presents an obvious “principal display panel” such as the top of a triangular or circular package of cheese, the area shall consist of the entire top surface. In determining the area of the principal display panel, exclude tops, bottoms, flanges at tops and bottoms of cans, and shoulders and necks of bottles or jars. In the case of cylindrical or nearly cylindrical containers, information required by this part to appear on the principal display panel shall appear within that 40 percent of the circumference which is most likely to be displayed, presented, shown, or examined under customary conditions of display for retail sale.
§ 101.2 Information panel of package form food.
[a] The term information panel as it applies to packaged food means that part of the label immediately contiguous and to the right of the principal display panel as observed by an individual facing the principal display panel with the following exceptions:
[1] If the part of the label immediately contiguous and to the right of the principal display panel is too small to accommodate the necessary information or is otherwise unusable label space, e.g., folded flaps or can ends, the panel immediately contiguous and to the right of this part of the label may be used.
[2] If the package has one or more alternate principal display panels, the information panel is immediately contiguous and to the right of any principal display panel.
[3] If the top of the container is the principal display panel and the package has no alternate principal display panel, the information panel is any panel adjacent to the principal display panel.
[c] All information appearing on the principal display panel or the information panel pursuant to this section shall appear prominently and conspicuously, but in no case may the letters and/or numbers be less than one-sixteenth inch in height unless an exemption pursuant to paragraph [f] of this section is established. The requirements for conspicuousness and legibility shall include the specifications of §§ 101.7[h][1] and [2] and 101.15.
[1]
[i] Soft drinks packaged in bottles manufactured before October 31, 1975 shall be exempt from the requirements prescribed by this section to the extent that information which is blown, lithographed, or formed onto the surface of the bottle is exempt from the size and placement requirements of this section.
[ii] Soft drinks packaged in bottles shall be exempt from the size and placement requirements prescribed by this section if all of the following conditions are met:
[A] If the soft drink is packaged in a bottle bearing a paper, plastic foam jacket, or foil label, or is packaged in a nonreusable bottle bearing a label lithographed onto the surface of the bottle or is packaged in metal cans, the product shall not be exempt from any requirement of this section other than the exemptions created by § 1.24[a][5] [ii] and [v] of this chapter and the label shall bear all required information in the specified minimum type size, except the label will not be required to bear the information required by § 101.5 if this information appears on the bottle closure or on the lid of the can in a type size not less than one-sixteenth inch in height, or if embossed on the lid of the can in a type size not less than one-eighth inch in height.
[B] If the soft drink is packaged in a bottle which does not bear a paper, plastic foam jacket or foil label, or is packaged in a reusable bottle bearing a label lithographed onto the surface of the bottle:
[1] Neither the bottle nor the closure is required to bear nutrition labeling in compliance with § 101.9, except that any multiunit retail package in which it is contained shall bear nutrition labeling if required by § 101.9; and any vending machine in which it is contained shall bear nutrition labeling if nutrition labeling is not present on the bottle or closure, if required by § 101.9.
[2] All other information pursuant to this section shall appear on the top of the bottle closure prominently and conspicuously in letters and/or numbers no less than one thirty-second inch in height, except that if the information required by § 101.5 is placed on the side of the closure in accordance with § 1.24[a][5][ii] of this chapter, such information shall appear in letters and/or numbers no less than one-sixteenth inch in height.
[3] Upon the petition of any interested person demonstrating that the bottle closure is too small to accommodate this information, the Commissioner may by regulation establish an alternative method of disseminating such information. Information appearing on the closure shall appear in the following priority:
[i] The statement of ingredients.
[ii] The name and address of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor.
[iii] The statement of identity.
[2] Individual serving-size packages of food served with meals in restaurants, institutions, and on board passenger carriers, and not intended for sale at retail, are exempt from type-size requirements of this paragraph, provided:
[i] The package has a total area of 3 square inches or less available to bear labeling;
[ii] There is insufficient area on the package available to print all required information in a type size of 1⁄16 inch in height;
[iii] The information required by paragraph [b] of this section appears on the label in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph, except that the type size is not less than 1⁄32 inch in height.
[d]
[1] Except as provided by §§ 101.9[j][13] and [j][17] and 101.36[i][2] and [i][5], all information required to appear on the principal display panel or on the information panel under this section shall appear on the same panel unless there is insufficient space. In determining the sufficiency of the available space, except as provided by §§ 101.9[j][17] and 101.36[i][5], any vignettes, designs, and other nonmandatory label information shall not be considered. If there is insufficient space for all of this information to appear on a single panel, it may be divided between these two panels, except that the information required under any given section or part shall all appear on the same panel. A food whose label is required to bear the ingredient statement on the principal display panel may bear all other information specified in paragraph [b] of this section on the information panel.
[2] Any food, not otherwise exempted in this section, if packaged in a container consisting of a separate lid and body, and bearing nutrition labeling pursuant to § 101.9, and if the lid qualifies for and is designed to serve as a principal display panel, shall be exempt from the placement requirements of this section in the following respects:
[i] The name and place of business information required by § 101.5 shall not be required on the body of the container if this information appears on the lid in accordance with this section.
[ii] The nutrition information required by § 101.9 shall not be required on the lid if this information appears on the container body in accordance with this section.
[iii] The statement of ingredients required by § 101.4 shall not be required on the lid if this information appears on the container body in accordance with this section. Further, the statement of ingredients is not required on the container body if this information appears on the lid in accordance with this section.
[e] All information appearing on the information panel pursuant to this section shall appear in one place without other intervening material.
[f] If the label of any package of food is too small to accommodate all of the information required by §§ 101.4, 101.5, 101.8, 101.9, 101.13, 101.17, 101.36, subpart D of part 101, and part 105 of this chapter, the Commissioner may establish by regulation an acceptable alternative method of disseminating such information to the public, e.g., a type size smaller than one-sixteenth inch in height, or labeling attached to or inserted in the package or available at the point of purchase. A petition requesting such a regulation, as an amendment to this paragraph, shall be submitted under part 10 of this chapter.
[42 FR 14308, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 42 FR 15673, Mar. 22, 1977; 42 FR 45905, Sept. 13, 1977; 42 FR 47191, Sept. 20, 1977; 44 FR 16006, Mar. 16, 1979; 49 FR 13339, Apr. 4, 1984; 53 FR 16068, May 5, 1988; 58 FR 44030, Aug. 18, 1993; 60 FR 17205, Apr. 5, 1995; 62 FR 43074, Aug. 12, 1997; 62 FR 49847, Sept. 23, 1997; 63 FR 14817, Mar. 27, 1998; 81 FR 59131, Aug. 29, 2016]
§ 101.3 Identity labeling of food in packaged form.
[a] The principal display panel of a food in package form shall bear as one of its principal features a statement of the identity of the commodity.
[b] Such statement of identity shall be in terms of:
[1] The name now or hereafter specified in or required by any applicable Federal law or regulation; or, in the absence thereof,
[2] The common or usual name of the food; or, in the absence thereof,
[3] An appropriately descriptive term, or when the nature of the food is obvious, a fanciful name commonly used by the public for such food.
[c] Where a food is marketed in various optional forms [whole, slices, diced, etc.], the particular form shall be considered to be a necessary part of the statement of identity and shall be declared in letters of a type size bearing a reasonable relation to the size of the letters forming the other components of the statement of identity; except that if the optional form is visible through the container or is depicted by an appropriate vignette, the particular form need not be included in the statement. This specification does not affect the required declarations of identity under definitions and standards for foods promulgated pursuant to section 401 of the act.
[d] This statement of identity shall be presented in bold type on the principal display panel, shall be in a size reasonably related to the most prominent printed matter on such panel, and shall be in lines generally parallel to the base on which the package rests as it is designed to be displayed.
[e] Under the provisions of section 403[c] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, a food shall be deemed to be misbranded if it is an imitation of another food unless its label bears, in type of uniform size and prominence, the word “imitation” and, immediately thereafter, the name of the food imitated.
[1] A food shall be deemed to be an imitation and thus subject to the requirements of section 403[c] of the act if it is a substitute for and resembles another food but is nutritionally inferior to that food.
[2] A food that is a substitute for and resembles another food shall not be deemed to be an imitation provided it meets each of the following requirements:
[i] It is not nutritionally inferior to the food for which it substitutes and which it resembles.
[ii] Its label bears a common or usual name that complies with the provisions of § 102.5 of this chapter and that is not false or misleading, or in the absence of an existing common or usual name, an appropriately descriptive term that is not false or misleading. The label may, in addition, bear a fanciful name which is not false or misleading.
[3] A food for which a common or usual name is established by regulation [e.g., in a standard of identity pursuant to section 401 of the act, in a common or usual name regulation pursuant to part 102 of this chapter, or in a regulation establishing a nutritional quality guideline pursuant to part 104 of this chapter], and which complies with all of the applicable requirements of such regulation[s], shall not be deemed to be an imitation.
[4] Nutritional inferiority includes:
[i] Any reduction in the content of an essential nutrient that is present in a measurable amount, but does not include a reduction in the caloric or fat content provided the food is labeled pursuant to the provisions of § 101.9, and provided the labeling with respect to any reduction in caloric content complies with the provisions applicable to caloric content in part 105 of this chapter.
[ii] For the purpose of this section, a measurable amount of an essential nutrient in a food shall be considered to be 2 percent or more of the Daily Reference Value [DRV] of protein listed under § 101.9[c][7][iii] and of potassium listed under § 101.9[c][9] per reference amount customarily consumed and 2 percent or more of the Reference Daily Intake [RDI] of any vitamin or mineral listed under § 101.9[c][8][iv] per reference amount customarily consumed, except that selenium, molybdenum, chromium, and chloride need not be considered.
[iii] If the Commissioner concludes that a food is a substitute for and resembles another food but is inferior to the food imitated for reasons other than those set forth in this paragraph, he may propose appropriate revisions to this regulation or he may propose a separate regulation governing the particular food.
[f] A label may be required to bear the percentage[s] of a characterizing ingredient[s] or information concerning the presence or absence of an ingredient[s] or the need to add an ingredient[s] as part of the common or usual name of the food pursuant to subpart B of part 102 of this chapter.
[g] Dietary supplements shall be identified by the term “dietary supplement” as a part of the statement of identity, except that the word “dietary” may be deleted and replaced by the name of the dietary ingredients in the product [e.g., calcium supplement] or an appropriately descriptive term indicating the type of dietary ingredients that are in the product [e.g., herbal supplement with vitamins].
[42 FR 14308, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 48 FR 10811, Mar. 15, 1983; 58 FR 2227, Jan. 6, 1993; 60 FR 67174, Dec. 28, 1995; 62 FR 49847, Sept. 23, 1997]
§ 101.4 Food; designation of ingredients.
[a]
[1] Ingredients required to be declared on the label or labeling of a food, including foods that comply with standards of identity, except those ingredients exempted by § 101.100, shall be listed by common or usual name in descending order of predominance by weight on either the principal display panel or the information panel in accordance with the provisions of § 101.2, except that ingredients in dietary supplements that are listed in the nutrition label in accordance with § 101.36 need not be repeated in the ingredient list. Paragraph [g] of this section describes the ingredient list on dietary supplement products.
[2] The descending order of predominance requirements of paragraph [a][1] of this section do not apply to ingredients present in amounts of 2 percent or less by weight when a listing of these ingredients is placed at the end of the ingredient statement following an appropriate quantifying statement, e.g., “Contains __ percent or less of ______” or “Less than __ percent of ______.” The blank percentage within the quantifying statement shall be filled in with a threshold level of 2 percent, or, if desired, 1.5 percent, 1.0 percent, or 0.5 percent, as appropriate. No ingredient to which the quantifying phrase applies may be present in an amount greater than the stated threshold.
[b] The name of an ingredient shall be a specific name and not a collective [generic] name, except that:
[1] Spices, flavorings, colorings and chemical preservatives shall be declared according to the provisions of § 101.22.
[2] An ingredient which itself contains two or more ingredients and which has an established common or usual name, conforms to a standard established pursuant to the Meat Inspection or Poultry Products Inspection Acts by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or conforms to a definition and standard of identity established pursuant to section 401 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, shall be designated in the statement of ingredients on the label of such food by either of the following alternatives:
[i] By declaring the established common or usual name of the ingredient followed by a parenthetical listing of all ingredients contained therein in descending order of predominance except that, if the ingredient is a food subject to a definition and standard of identity established in subchapter B of this chapter that has specific labeling provisions for optional ingredients, optional ingredients may be declared within the parenthetical listing in accordance with those provisions.
[ii] By incorporating into the statement of ingredients in descending order of predominance in the finished food, the common or usual name of every component of the ingredient without listing the ingredient itself.
[3] Skim milk, concentrated skim milk, reconstituted skim milk, and nonfat dry milk may be declared as “skim milk” or “nonfat milk”.
[4] Milk, concentrated milk, reconstituted milk, and dry whole milk may be declared as “milk”.
[5] Bacterial cultures may be declared by the word “cultured” followed by the name of the substrate, e.g., “made from cultured skim milk or cultured buttermilk”.
[6] Sweetcream buttermilk, concentrated sweetcream buttermilk, reconstituted sweetcream buttermilk, and dried sweetcream buttermilk may be declared as “buttermilk”.
[7] Whey, concentrated whey, reconstituted whey, and dried whey may be declared as “whey”.
[8] Cream, reconstituted cream, dried cream, and plastic cream [sometimes known as concentrated milk fat] may be declared as “cream”.
[9] Butteroil and anhydrous butterfat may be declared as “butterfat”.
[10] Dried whole eggs, frozen whole eggs, and liquid whole eggs may be declared as “eggs”.
[11] Dried egg whites, frozen egg whites, and liquid egg whites may be declared as “egg whites”.
[12] Dried egg yolks, frozen egg yolks, and liquid egg yolks may be declared as “egg yolks”.
[13] [Reserved]
[14] Each individual fat and/or oil ingredient of a food intended for human consumption shall be declared by its specific common or usual name [e.g., “beef fat”, “cottonseed oil”] in its order of predominance in the food except that blends of fats and/or oils may be designated in their order of predominance in the foods as “______ shortening” or “blend of ______ oils”, the blank to be filled in with the word “vegetable”, “animal”, “marine”, with or without the terms “fat” or “oils”, or combination of these, whichever is applicable if, immediately following the term, the common or usual name of each individual vegetable, animal, or marine fat or oil is given in parentheses, e.g., “vegetable oil shortening [soybean and cottonseed oil]”. For products that are blends of fats and/or oils and for foods in which fats and/or oils constitute the predominant ingredient, i.e., in which the combined weight of all fat and/or oil ingredients equals or exceeds the weight of the most predominant ingredient that is not a fat or oil, the listing of the common or usual names of such fats and/or oils in parentheses shall be in descending order of predominance. In all other foods in which a blend of fats and/or oils is used as an ingredient, the listing of the common or usual names in parentheses need not be in descending order of predominance if the manufacturer, because of the use of varying mixtures, is unable to adhere to a constant pattern of fats and/or oils in the product. If the fat or oil is completely hydrogenated, the name shall include the term hydrogenated, or if partially hydrogenated, the name shall include the term partially hydrogenated. If each fat and/or oil in a blend or the blend is completely hydrogenated, the term “hydrogenated” may precede the term[s] describing the blend, e.g., “hydrogenated vegetable oil [soybean, cottonseed, and palm oils]”, rather than preceding the name of each individual fat and/or oil; if the blend of fats and/or oils is partially hydrogenated, the term “partially hydrogenated” may be used in the same manner. Fat and/or oil ingredients not present in the product may be listed if they may sometimes be used in the product. Such ingredients shall be identified by words indicating that they may not be present, such as “or”, “and/or”, “contains one or more of the following:”, e.g., “vegetable oil shortening [contains one or more of the following: cottonseed oil, palm oil, soybean oil]”. No fat or oil ingredient shall be listed unless actually present if the fats and/or oils constitute the predominant ingredient of the product, as defined in this paragraph [b][14].
[15] When all the ingredients of a wheat flour are declared in an ingredient statement, the principal ingredient of the flour shall be declared by the name[s] specified in §§ 137.105, 137.200, 137.220 and 137.225 of this chapter, i.e., the first ingredient designated in the ingredient list of flour, or bromated flour, or enriched flour, or self-rising flour is “flour”, “white flour”, “wheat flour”, or “plain flour”; the first ingredient designated in the ingredient list of durum flour is “durum flour”; the first ingredient designated in the ingredient list of whole wheat flour, or bromated whole wheat flour is “whole wheat flour”, “graham flour”, or “entire wheat flour”; and the first ingredient designated in the ingredient list of whole durum wheat flour is “whole durum wheat flour”.
[16] Ingredients that act as leavening agents in food may be declared in the ingredient statement by stating the specific common or usual name of each individual leavening agent in parentheses following the collective name “leavening”, e.g., “leavening [baking soda, monocalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate]”. The listing of the common or usual name of each individual leavening agent in parentheses shall be in descending order of predominance: Except, That if the manufacturer is unable to adhere to a constant pattern of leavening agents in the product, the listing of individual leavening agents need not be in descending order of predominance. Leavening agents not present in the product may be listed if they are sometimes used in the product. Such ingredients shall be identified by words indicating that they may not be present, such as “or”, “and/or”, “contains one or more of the following:”.
[17] Ingredients that act as yeast nutrients in foods may be declared in the ingredient statement by stating the specific common or usual name of each individual yeast nutrient in parentheses following the collective name “yeast nutrients”, e.g., “yeast nutrients [calcium sulfate and ammonium phosphate]”. The listing of the common or usual name of each individual yeast nutrient in parentheses shall be in descending order of predominance: Except, That if the manufacturer is unable to adhere to a constant pattern of yeast nutrients in the product, the listing of the common or usual names of individual yeast nutrients need not be in descending order of predominance. Yeast nutrients not present in the product may be listed if they are sometimes used in the product. Such ingredients shall be identified by words indicating that they may not be present, such as “or”, “and/or”, or “contains one or more of the following:”.
[18] Ingredients that act as dough conditioners may be declared in the ingredient statement by stating the specific common or usual name of each individual dough conditioner in parentheses following the collective name “dough conditioner”, e.g., “dough conditioners [L-cysteine, ammonium sulfate]”. The listing of the common or usual name of each dough conditioner in parentheses shall be in descending order of predominance: Except, That if the manufacturer is unable to adhere to a constant pattern of dough conditioners in the product, the listing of the common or usual names of individual dough conditioners need not be in descending order of predominance. Dough conditioners not present in the product may be listed if they are sometimes used in the product. Such ingredients shall be identified by words indicating that they may not be present, such as “or”, “and/or”, or “contains one or more of the following:”.
[19] Ingredients that act as firming agents in food [e.g., salts of calcium and other safe and suitable salts in canned vegetables] may be declared in the ingredient statement, in order of predominance appropriate for the total of all firming agents in the food, by stating the specific common or usual name of each individual firming agent in descending order of predominance in parentheses following the collective name “firming agents”. If the manufacturer is unable to adhere to a constant pattern of firming agents in the food, the listing of the individual firming agents need not be in descending order of predominance. Firming agents not present in the product may be listed if they are sometimes used in the product. Such ingredients shall be identified by words indicating that they may not be present, such as “or”, “and/or”, “contains one or more of the following:”.
[20] For purposes of ingredient labeling, the term sugar shall refer to sucrose, which is obtained from sugar cane or sugar beets in accordance with the provisions of § 184.1854 of this chapter.
[21] [Reserved]
[22] Wax and resin ingredients on fresh produce when such produce is held for retail sale, or when held for other than retail sale by packers or repackers shall be declared collectively by the phrase “coated with food-grade animal-based wax, to maintain freshness” or the phrase “coated with food-grade vegetable-, petroleum-, beeswax-, and/or shellac-based wax or resin, to maintain freshness” as appropriate. The terms “food-grade” and “to maintain freshness” are optional. The term lac-resin may be substituted for the term shellac.
[23] When processed seafood products contain fish protein ingredients consisting primarily of the myofibrillar protein fraction from one or more fish species and the manufacturer is unable to adhere to a constant pattern of fish species in the fish protein ingredient, because of seasonal or other limitations of species availability, the common or usual name of each individual fish species need not be listed in descending order of predominance. Fish species not present in the fish protein ingredient may be listed if they are sometimes used in the product. Such ingredients must be identified by words indicating that they may not be present, such as “or”, “and/or”, or “contains one or more of the following:” Fish protein ingredients may be declared in the ingredient statement by stating the specific common or usual name of each fish species that may be present in parentheses following the collective name “fish protein”, e.g., “fish protein [contains one or more of the following: Pollock, cod, and/or pacific whiting]”.
[c] When water is added to reconstitute, completely or partially, an ingredient permitted by paragraph [b] of this section to be declared by a class name, the position of the ingredient class name in the ingredient statement shall be determined by the weight of the unreconstituted ingredient plus the weight of the quantity of water added to reconstitute that ingredient, up to the amount of water needed to reconstitute the ingredient to single strength. Any water added in excess of the amount of water needed to reconstitute the ingredient to single strength shall be declared as “water” in the ingredient statement.
[d] When foods characterized on the label as “nondairy” contain a caseinate ingredient, the caseinate ingredient shall be followed by a parenthetical statement identifying its source. For example, if the manufacturer uses the term “nondairy” on a creamer that contains sodium caseinate, it shall include a parenthetical term such as “a milk derivative” after the listing of sodium caseinate in the ingredient list.
[e] If the percentage of an ingredient is included in the statement of ingredients, it shall be shown in parentheses following the name of the ingredient and expressed in terms of percent by weight. Percentage declarations shall be expressed to the nearest 1 percent, except that where ingredients are present at levels of 2 percent or less, they may be grouped together and expressed in accordance with the quantifying guidance set forth in paragraph [a][2] of this section.
[f] Except as provided in § 101.100, ingredients that must be declared on labeling because there is no label for the food, including foods that comply with standards of identity, shall be listed prominently and conspicuously by common or usual name in the manner prescribed by paragraph [b] of this section.
[g] When present, the ingredient list on dietary supplement products shall be located immediately below the nutrition label, or, if there is insufficient space below the nutrition label, immediately contiguous and to the right of the nutrition label and shall be preceded by the word “Ingredients,” unless some ingredients [i.e., sources] are identified within the nutrition label in accordance with § 101.36[d], in which case the ingredients listed outside the nutrition label shall be in a list preceded by the words “Other ingredients.” Ingredients in dietary supplements that are not dietary ingredients or that do not contain dietary ingredients, such as excipients, fillers, artificial colors, artificial sweeteners, flavors, or binders, shall be included in the ingredient list.
[h] The common or usual name of ingredients of dietary supplements that are botanicals [including fungi and algae] shall be consistent with the names standardized in Herbs of Commerce, 1992 edition, which is incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552[a] and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Herbal Products Association, 8484 Georgia Ave., suite 370, Silver Spring, MD 20910, 301-588-1171, FAX 301-588-1174, e-mail: , or may be examined at the Food and Drug Administration's Main Library, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 2, Third Floor, Silver Spring, MD 20993, 301-796-2039, or at the National Archives and Records Administration [NARA]. For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: //www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html. The listing of these names on the label shall be followed by statements of:
[1] The part of the plant [e.g., root, leaves] from which the dietary ingredient is derived [e.g., “Garlic bulb” or “Garlic [bulb]”], except that this designation is not required for algae. The name of the part of the plant shall be expressed in English [e.g., “flower” rather than “flos”];
[2] The Latin binomial name of the plant, in parentheses, except that this name is not required when it is available in the reference entitled: Herbs of Commerce for the common or usual name listed on the label, and, when required, the Latin binomial name may be listed before the part of the plant. Any name in Latin form shall be in accordance with internationally accepted rules on nomenclature, such as those found in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and shall include the designation of the author or authors who published the Latin name, when a positive identification cannot be made in its absence. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature [Tokyo Code], 1994 edition, a publication of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, is incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552[a] and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature may be obtained from Koeltz Scientific Books, D-61453 Konigstein, Germany, and University Bookstore, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-4422, 618-536-3321, FAX 618-453-5207, or may be examined at the Food and Drug Administration's Main Library, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 2, Third Floor, Silver Spring, MD 20993, 301-796-2039, or at the National Archives and Records Administration [NARA]. For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: //www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
[3] On labels of single-ingredient dietary supplements that do not include an ingredient list, the identification of the Latin binomial name, when needed, and the part of the plant may be prominently placed on the principal display panel or information panel, or included in the nutrition label.
[42 FR 14308, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 43 FR 12858, Mar. 28, 1978; 43 FR 24519, June 6, 1978; 48 FR 8054, Feb. 25, 1983; 55 FR 17433, Apr. 25, 1990; 58 FR 2875, Jan. 6, 1993; 62 FR 49847, Sept. 23, 1997; 62 FR 64634, Dec. 8, 1997; 64 FR 50448, Sept. 17, 1999; 66 FR 17358, Mar. 30, 2001; 66 FR 66742, Dec. 27, 2001; 68 FR 15355, Mar. 31, 2003; 81 FR 5590, Feb. 3, 2016]
§ 101.5 Food; name and place of business of manufacturer, packer, or distributor.
[a] The label of a food in packaged form shall specify conspicuously the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor.
[b] The requirement for declaration of the name of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor shall be deemed to be satisfied, in the case of a corporation, only by the actual corporate name, which may be preceded or followed by the name of the particular division of the corporation. In the case of an individual, partnership, or association, the name under which the business is conducted shall be used.
[c] Where the food is not manufactured by the person whose name appears on the label, the name shall be qualified by a phrase that reveals the connection such person has with such food; such as “Manufactured for ______”, “Distributed by ______”, or any other wording that expresses the facts.
[d] The statement of the place of business shall include the street address, city, State, and ZIP code; however, the street address may be omitted if it is shown in a current city directory or telephone directory. The requirement for inclusion of the ZIP code shall apply only to consumer commodity labels developed or revised after the effective date of this section. In the case of nonconsumer packages, the ZIP code shall appear either on the label or the labeling [including invoice].
[e] If a person manufactures, packs, or distributes a food at a place other than his principal place of business, the label may state the principal place of business in lieu of the actual place where such food was manufactured or packed or is to be distributed, unless such statement would be misleading.
§ 101.7 Declaration of net quantity of contents.
[a] The principal display panel of a food in package form shall bear a declaration of the net quantity of contents. This shall be expressed in the terms of weight, measure, numerical count, or a combination of numerical count and weight or measure. The statement shall be in terms of fluid measure if the food is liquid, or in terms of weight if the food is solid, semisolid, or viscous, or a mixture of solid and liquid; except that such statement may be in terms of dry measure if the food is a fresh fruit, fresh vegetable, or other dry commodity that is customarily sold by dry measure. If there is a firmly established general consumer usage and trade custom of declaring the contents of a liquid by weight, or a solid, semisolid, or viscous product by fluid measure, it may be used. Whenever the Commissioner determines that an existing practice of declaring net quantity of contents by weight, measure, numerical count, or a combination in the case of a specific packaged food does not facilitate value comparisons by consumers and offers opportunity for consumer confusion, he will by regulation designate the appropriate term or terms to be used for such commodity.
[b]
[1] Statements of weight shall be in terms of avoirdupois pound and ounce.
[2] Statements of fluid measure shall be in terms of the U.S. gallon of 231 cubic inches and quart, pint, and fluid ounce subdivisions thereof, and shall:
[i] In the case of frozen food that is sold and consumed in a frozen state, express the volume at the frozen temperature.
[ii] In the case of refrigerated food that is sold in the refrigerated state, express the volume at 40 °F [4 °C].
[iii] In the case of other foods, express the volume at 68 °F [20 °C].
[3] Statements of dry measure shall be in terms of the U.S. bushel of 2,150.42 cubic inches and peck, dry quart, and dry pint subdivisions thereof.
[c] When the declaration of quantity of contents by numerical count does not give adequate information as to the quantity of food in the package, it shall be combined with such statement of weight, measure, or size of the individual units of the foods as will provide such information.
[d] The declaration may contain common or decimal fractions. A common fraction shall be in terms of halves, quarters, eighths, sixteenths, or thirty-seconds; except that if there exists a firmly established general consumer usage and trade custom of employing different common fractions in the net quantity declaration of a particular commodity, they may be employed. A common fraction shall be reduced to its lowest terms; a decimal fraction shall not be carried out to more than two places. A statement that includes small fractions of an ounce shall be deemed to permit smaller variations than one which does not include such fractions.
[e] The declaration shall be located on the principal display panel of the label, and with respect to packages bearing alternate principal panels it shall be duplicated on each principal display panel.
[f] The declaration shall appear as a distinct item on the principal display panel, shall be separated [by at least a space equal to the height of the lettering used in the declaration] from other printed label information appearing above or below the declaration and [by at least a space equal to twice the width of the letter “N” of the style of type used in the quantity of contents statement] from other printed label information appearing to the left or right of the declaration. It shall not include any term qualifying a unit of weight, measure, or count [such as “jumbo quart” and “full gallon”] that tends to exaggerate the amount of the food in the container. It shall be placed on the principal display panel within the bottom 30 percent of the area of the label panel in lines generally parallel to the base on which the package rests as it is designed to be displayed: Provided, That on packages having a principal display panel of 5 square inches or less, the requirement for placement within the bottom 30 percent of the area of the label panel shall not apply when the declaration of net quantity of contents meets the other requirements of this part.
[g] The declaration shall accurately reveal the quantity of food in the package exclusive of wrappers and other material packed therewith: Provided, That in the case of foods packed in containers designed to deliver the food under pressure, the declaration shall state the net quantity of the contents that will be expelled when the instructions for use as shown on the container are followed. The propellant is included in the net quantity declaration.
[h] The declaration shall appear in conspicuous and easily legible boldface print or type in distinct contrast [by typography, layout, color, embossing, or molding] to other matter on the package; except that a declaration of net quantity blown, embossed, or molded on a glass or plastic surface is permissible when all label information is so formed on the surface. Requirements of conspicuousness and legibility shall include the specifications that:
[1] The ratio of height to width [of the letter] shall not exceed a differential of 3 units to 1 unit [no more than 3 times as high as it is wide].
[2] Letter heights pertain to upper case or capital letters. When upper and lower case or all lower case letters are used, it is the lower case letter “o” or its equivalent that shall meet the minimum standards.
[3] When fractions are used, each component numeral shall meet one-half the minimum height standards.
[i] The declaration shall be in letters and numerals in a type size established in relationship to the area of the principal display panel of the package and shall be uniform for all packages of substantially the same size by complying with the following type specifications:
[1] Not less than one-sixteenth inch in height on packages the principal display panel of which has an area of 5 square inches or less.
[2] Not less than one-eighth inch in height on packages the principal display panel of which has an area of more than 5 but not more than 25 square inches.
[3] Not less than three-sixteenths inch in height on packages the principal display panel of which has an area of more than 25 but not more than 100 square inches.
[4] Not less than one-fourth inch in height on packages the principal display panel of which has an area of more than 100 square inches, except not less than 1⁄2 inch in height if the area is more than 400 square inches.
Where the declaration is blown, embossed, or molded on a glass or plastic surface rather than by printing, typing, or coloring, the lettering sizes specified in paragraphs [h][1] through [4] of this section shall be increased by one-sixteenth of an inch.
[j] On packages containing less than 4 pounds or 1 gallon and labeled in terms of weight or fluid measure:
[1] The declaration shall be expressed both in ounces, with identification by weight or by liquid measure and, if applicable [1 pound or 1 pint or more] followed in parentheses by a declaration in pounds for weight units, with any remainder in terms of ounces or common or decimal fractions of the pound [see examples set forth in paragraphs [m] [1] and [2] of this section], or in the case of liquid measure, in the largest whole units [quarts, quarts and pints, or pints, as appropriate] with any remainder in terms of fluid ounces or common or decimal fractions of the pint or quart [see examples in paragraphs [m] [3] and [4] of this section].
[2] If the net quantity of contents declaration appears on a random package, that is a package which is one of a lot, shipment, or delivery of packages of the same consumer commodity with varying weights and with no fixed weight pattern, it may, when the net weight exceeds 1 pound, be expressed in terms of pounds and decimal fractions of the pound carried out to not more than two decimal places. When the net weight does not exceed 1 pound, the declaration on the random package may be in decimal fractions of the pound in lieu of ounces [see example in paragraph [m][5] of this section].
[3] The declaration may appear in more than one line. The term “net weight” shall be used when stating the net quantity of contents in terms of weight. Use of the terms “net” or “net contents” in terms of fluid measure or numerical count is optional. It is sufficient to distinguish avoirdupois ounce from fluid ounce through association of terms; for example, “Net wt. 6 oz” or “6 oz Net wt.” and “6 fl oz” or “Net contents 6 fl oz”.
[k] On packages containing 4 pounds or 1 gallon or more and labeled in terms of weight or fluid measure, the declaration shall be expressed in pounds for weight units with any remainder in terms of ounces or common or decimal fraction of the pound, or in the case of fluid measure, it shall be expressed in the largest whole unit [gallons followed by common or decimal fraction of a gallon or by the next smaller whole unit or units [quarts, or quarts and pints]] with any remainder in terms of fluid ounces or common or decimal fractions of the pint or quart [see paragraph [m][6] of this section].
[l] [Reserved]
[m] Examples:
[1] A declaration of 11⁄2 pounds weight shall be expressed as “Net Wt. 24 oz [1 lb 8 oz],” “Net Wt. 24 oz [11⁄2 lb],” or “Net Wt. 24 oz [1.5 lb]”.
[2] A declaration of three-fourths pound avoirdupois weight shall be expressed as “Net Wt. 12 oz”.
[3] A declaration of 1 quart liquid measure shall be expressed as “Net 32 fl oz [1 qt]”.
[4] A declaration of 13⁄4 quarts liquid measure shall be expressed as “Net contents 56 fluid ounces [1 quart 11⁄2 pints]” or as “Net 56 fluid oz [1 qt 1 pt 8 oz]”, but not in terms of quart and ounce such as “Net 56 fluid oz [1 quart 24 ounces]”.
[5] On a random package, declaration of three-fourths pound avoirdupois may be expressed as “Net Wt. .75 lb”.
[6] A declaration of 21⁄2 gallons liquid measure shall be expressed as “Net contents 21⁄2 gallons,” “Net contents 2.5 gallons,” or “Net contents 2 gallons 2 quarts” and not as “2 gallons 4 pints”.
[n] For quantities, the following abbreviations and none other may be employed [periods and plural forms are optional]:
- weight wt
- ounce oz
- pound lb
- gallon gal
- pint pt
- quart qt
- fluid fl
[o] Nothing in this section shall prohibit supplemental statements at locations other than the principal display panel[s] describing in nondeceptive terms the net quantity of contents; Provided, that such supplemental statements of net quantity of contents shall not include any term qualifying a unit of weight, measure, or count that tends to exaggerate the amount of the food contained in the package; for example, “jumbo quart” and “full gallon”. Dual or combination declarations of net quantity of contents as provided for in paragraphs [a], [c], and [j] of this section [for example, a combination of net weight plus numerical count, net contents plus dilution directions of a concentrate, etc.] are not regarded as supplemental net quantity statements and may be located on the principal display panel.
[p] A separate statement of the net quantity of contents in terms of the metric system is not regarded as a supplemental statement and an accurate statement of the net quantity of contents in terms of the metric system of weight or measure may also appear on the principal display panel or on other panels.
[q] The declaration of net quantity of contents shall express an accurate statement of the quantity of contents of the package. Reasonable variations caused by loss or gain of moisture during the course of good distribution practice or by unavoidable deviations in good manufacturing practice will be recognized. Variations from stated quantity of contents shall not be unreasonably large.
[r] The declaration of net quantity of contents on pickles and pickle products, including relishes but excluding one or two whole pickles in clear plastic bags which may be declared by count, shall be expressed in terms of the U.S. gallon of 231 cubic inches and quart, pint, and fluid ounce subdivisions thereof.
[s] On a multiunit retail package, a statement of the quantity of contents shall appear on the outside of the package and shall include the number of individual units, the quantity of each individual unit, and, in parentheses, the total quantity of contents of the multiunit package in terms of avoirdupois or fluid ounces, except that such declaration of total quantity need not be followed by an additional parenthetical declaration in terms of the largest whole units and subdivisions thereof, as required by paragraph [j][1] of this section. A multiunit retail package may thus be properly labeled: “6-16 oz bottles - [96 fl oz]” or “3-16 oz cans - [net wt. 48 oz]”. For the purposes of this section, “multiunit retail package” means a package containing two or more individually packaged units of the identical commodity and in the same quantity, intended to be sold as part of the multiunit retail package but capable of being individually sold in full compliance with all requirements of the regulations in this part. Open multiunit retail packages that do not obscure the number of units or prevent examination of the labeling on each of the individual units are not subject to this paragraph if the labeling of each individual unit complies with the requirements of paragraphs [f] and [i] of this section. The provisions of this section do not apply to that butter or margarine covered by the exemptions in § 1.24[a] [10] and [11] of this chapter.
[t] Where the declaration of net quantity of contents is in terms of net weight and/or drained weight or volume and does not accurately reflect the actual quantity of the contents or the product falls below the applicable standard of fill of container because of equipment malfunction or otherwise unintentional product variation, and the label conforms in all other respects to the requirements of this chapter [except the requirement that food falling below the applicable standard of fill of container shall bear the general statement of substandard fill specified in § 130.14[b] of this chapter], the mislabeled food product, including any food product that fails to bear the general statement of substandard fill specified in § 130.14[b] of this chapter, may be sold by the manufacturer or processor directly to institutions operated by Federal, State or local governments [schools, prisons, hospitals, etc.]: Provided, That:
[1] The purchaser shall sign a statement at the time of sale stating that he is aware that the product is mislabeled to include acknowledgment of the nature and extent of the mislabeling, [e.g., “Actual net weight may be as low as __% below labeled quantity”] and that any subsequent distribution by him of said product except for his own institutional use is unlawful. This statement shall be kept on file at the principal place of business of the manufacturer or processor for 2 years subsequent to the date of shipment of the product and shall be available to the Food and Drug Administration upon request.
[2] The product shall be labeled on the outside of its shipping container with the statement[s]:
[i] When the variation concerns net weight and/or drained weight or volume, “Product Mislabeled. Actual net weight [drained weight or volume where appropriate] may be as low as __% below labeled quantity. This Product Not for Retail Distribution”, the blank to be filled in with the maximum percentage variance between the labeled and actual weight or volume of contents of the individual packages in the shipping container, and
[ii] When the variation is in regard to a fill of container standard, “Product Mislabeled. Actual fill may be as low as __% below standard of fill. This Product Not for Retail Distribution”.
[3] The statements required by paragraphs [t][2] [i] and [ii] of this section, which may be consolidated where appropriate, shall appear prominently and conspicuously as compared to other printed matter on the shipping container and in boldface print or type on a clear, contrasting background in order to render them likely to be read and understood by the purchaser under ordinary conditions of purchase.
[42 FR 14308, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 42 FR 15673, Mar. 22, 1977. Redesignated at 81 FR 59131, Aug. 29, 2016]
§ 101.8 Vending machines.
[a] Definitions. The definitions of terms in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act apply to such terms when used in this section. In addition, for the purposes of this section:
Authorized official of a vending machine operator means an owner, operator, agent in charge, or any other person authorized by a vending machine operator who is not otherwise subject to section 403[q][5][H][viii] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 343[q][5][H][viii]], to register the vending machine operator with the Food and Drug Administration [“FDA”] for purposes of paragraph [d] of this section.
Vending machine means a self-service machine that, upon insertion of a coin, paper currency, token, card, or key, or by optional manual operation, dispenses servings of food in bulk or in packages, or prepared by the machine, without the necessity of replenishing the machine between each vending operation.
Vending machine operator means a person[s] or entity that controls or directs the function of the vending machine, including deciding which articles of food are sold from the machine or the placement of the articles of food within the vending machine, and is compensated for the control or direction of the function of the vending machine.
[b] Articles of food not covered. Articles of food sold from a vending machine are not covered vending machine food if:
[1] The prospective purchaser can view:
[i] The calories, serving size, and servings per container listed in the Nutrition Facts label on the vending machine food without any obstruction. The Nutrition Facts label must be in the format required in § 101.9[c] and [d]. The Nutrition Facts label must be in a size that permits the prospective purchaser to be able to easily read the nutrition information contained in the Nutrition Facts label on the article of food in the vending machine. Smaller formats allowed for Nutrition Facts for certain food labeling under FDA regulation at § 101.9 are not considered to be a size that a prospective purchaser is able to easily read; or
[ii] The calories, serving size, and servings per container listed in a reproduction of the Nutrition Facts label on the vending machine food, provided that the reproduction is a reproduction of an actual Nutrition Facts label that complies with § 101.9 for a vending machine food, is presented in a size that permits the prospective purchaser to be able to easily read the nutrition information, and the calories, serving size, and servings per container are displayed by the vending machine before the prospective purchaser makes his or her purchase; or
[2] The prospective purchaser can otherwise view visible nutrition information, including, at a minimum, the total number of calories for the article of food as sold at the point of purchase. This visible nutrition information must appear on the food label itself. The visible nutrition information must be clear and conspicuous and able to be easily read on the article of food while in the vending machine, in a type size at least 150 percent of the size required by § 101.7[i] for the net quantity of contents declaration on the front of the package, and with sufficient color and contrasting background to other print on the label to permit the prospective purchaser to clearly distinguish the information.
[c] Requirements for calorie labeling for certain food sold from vending machines -
[1] Applicability; covered vending machine food. For the purposes of this section, the term “covered vending machine food” means an article of food that is:
[i] Sold from a vending machine that does not permit the prospective purchaser to examine the Nutrition Facts label prior to purchase as provided in paragraph [b][1] of this section or otherwise provide visible nutrition information at the point of purchase as provided in paragraph [b][2] of this section; and
[ii] Sold from a vending machine that:
[A] Is operated by a person engaged in the business of owning or operating 20 or more vending machines; or
[B] Is operated by a vending machine operator that has voluntarily elected to be subject to the requirements of this section by registering with FDA under paragraph [d] of this section.
[2] Calorie declaration.
[i] The number of calories for a covered vending machine food must be declared in the following manner:
[A] To the nearest 5-calorie increment up to and including 50 calories and 10-calorie increment above 50 calories, except that amounts less than 5 calories may be expressed as zero.
[B] The term “Calories” or “Cal” must appear adjacent to the caloric content value for each food in the vending machine.
[C] The calorie declaration for a packaged food must include the total calories present in the packaged food, regardless of whether the packaged food contains a single serving or multiple servings. The vending machine operator may voluntarily disclose calories per serving in addition to the total calories for the food.
[D] If a covered vending machine food is one where the prospective purchaser selects among options to produce a final vended product [e.g., vended coffee, hot chocolate or tea with options for added sugar, sugar substitute, milk, and cream], calories must be declared per option or for the final vended products.
[ii] Calorie declarations for covered vending machine food must be clear and conspicuous and placed prominently in the following manner:
[A] The calorie declarations may be placed on a sign in close proximity to the article of food or selection button, i.e., in, on, or adjacent to the vending machine, but not necessarily attached to the vending machine, so long as the calorie declaration is visible at the same time as the food, its name, price, selection button, or selection number is visible. The sign must give calorie declarations for those articles of food that are sold from that particular vending machine.
[B] When the calorie declaration is in or on the vending machine, the calorie declaration must be in a type size no smaller than the name of the food on the machine [not the label], selection number, or price of the food as displayed on the vending machine, whichever is smallest, with the same prominence, i.e., the same color, or in a color at least as conspicuous, as the color of the name, if applicable, or price of the food or selection number, and the same contrasting background, or a background at least as contrasting as the background used for the item it is in closest proximity to, i.e., name, selection number, or price of the food item as displayed on the machine.
[C] When the calorie declaration is on a sign adjacent to the vending machine, the calorie declaration must be in a type size large enough to render it likely to be read and understood by the prospective purchaser under customary conditions of purchase and use, and in a type that is all black or one color on a white or other neutral background that contrasts with the type color.
[D] Where the vending machine only displays a picture or other representation or name of the food item, the calorie declaration must be in close proximity to the picture or other representation or name, or in close proximity to the selection button.
[E] For electronic vending machines [e.g., machines with digital or electronic or liquid crystal display [LCD] displays], the calorie declaration must be displayed before the prospective purchaser makes his or her purchase.
[F] For vending machines with few choices, e.g., popcorn, the calorie declaration may appear on the face of the machine so long as the declaration is prominent, not crowded by other labeling on the machine, and the type size is no smaller than the name of the food on the machine [not the label], selection number, or price of the food as displayed on the vending machine, whichever is smallest.
[d] Voluntary provision of calorie labeling for foods sold from vending machines -
[1] Applicability. A vending machine operator that is not subject to the requirements of section 403[q][5][H][viii] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act may, through its authorized official, voluntarily register with FDA to be subject to the requirements established in paragraph [c][2] of this section. An authorized official of a vending machine operator that voluntarily registers cannot be subject to any State or local nutrition labeling requirements that are not identical to the requirements in 403[q][5][H] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
[2] Who may register ? A vending machine operator that is not otherwise subject to the requirements of section 403[q][5][H] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act may register with FDA.
[3] What information is required ? The vending machine operator must provide FDA with the following information:
[i] The contact information [including name, address, phone number, email address], for the vending machine operator;
[ii] The address of the location of each vending machine owned or operated by the vending machine operator that is being registered;
[iii] Preferred mailing address [if different from the vending machine operator address], for purposes of receiving correspondence; and
[iv] Certification that the information submitted is true and accurate, that the person or firm submitting it is authorized to do so, and that each registered vending machine will be subject to the requirements of this section.
[v] Information should be submitted by email by typing complete information into the portable document format [PDF] form, saving it on the registrant's computer, and sending it by email to . If email is not available, the registrant can either fill in the PDF form and print it out [or print out the blank PDF and fill in the information by hand or typewriter], and either fax the completed form to 301-436-2804 or mail it to FDA, CFSAN Menu and Vending Machine Labeling Registration, White Oak Building 22, rm. 0209, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993.
[vi] Authorized officials of a vending machine operator who elect to be subject to the Federal requirements can register by visiting //www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/labelingnutrition/ucm217762.htm. FDA has created a form that contains fields requesting the information in paragraph [d] of this section and made the form available at this Web site. Registrants must use this form to ensure that complete information is submitted.
[vii] To keep the establishment's registration active, the authorized official of the vending machine operator must register every other year within 60 days prior to the expiration of the vending machine operator's current registration with FDA. Registration will automatically expire if not renewed.
[e] Vending machine operator contact information.
[1] A vending machine operator that is subject to section 403[q][5][H][viii] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act or a vending machine operator that voluntarily registers to be subject to the requirements under paragraph [d] of this section must provide its contact information for vending machines selling covered vending machine food. The contact information must list the vending machine operator's name, telephone number, and mailing address or email address.
[2] The contact information must be readable and may be placed on the face of the vending machine, or otherwise must be placed with the calorie declarations as described in paragraph [c][2][ii] of this section [i.e., on the sign in, on, or adjacent to the vending machine].
[79 FR 71291, Dec. 1, 2014, as amended at 84 FR 57610, Oct. 28, 2019]
§ 101.9 Nutrition labeling of food.
[a] Nutrition information relating to food shall be provided for all products intended for human consumption and offered for sale unless an exemption is provided for the product in paragraph [j] of this section.
[1] When food is in package form, the required nutrition labeling information shall appear on the label in the format specified in this section.
[2] When food is not in package form, the required nutrition labeling information shall be displayed clearly at the point of purchase [e.g., on a counter card, sign, tag affixed to the product, or some other appropriate device]. Alternatively, the required information may be placed in a booklet, looseleaf binder, or other appropriate format that is available at the point of purchase.
[3] Solicitation of requests for nutrition information by a statement “For nutrition information write to ______________________ ” on the label or in the labeling or advertising for a food, or providing such information in a direct written reply to a solicited or unsolicited request, does not subject the label or the labeling of a food exempted under paragraph [j] of this section to the requirements of this section if the reply to the request conforms to the requirements of this section.
[4] If any vitamin or mineral is added to a food so that a single serving provides 50 percent or more of the Reference Daily Intake [RDI] for the age group for which the product is intended, as specified in paragraph [c][8][iv] of this section, of any one of the added vitamins or minerals, unless such addition is permitted or required in other regulations, e.g., a standard of identity or nutritional quality guideline, or is otherwise exempted by the Commissioner, the food shall be considered a food for special dietary use within the meaning of § 105.3[a][1][iii] of this chapter.
[b] Except as provided in § 101.9[h][3], all nutrient and food component quantities shall be declared in relation to a serving as defined in this section.
[1] The term serving or serving size means an amount of food customarily consumed per eating occasion by persons 4 years of age or older which is expressed in a common household measure that is appropriate to the food. When the food is specially formulated or processed for use by infants or by toddlers, a serving or serving size means an amount of food customarily consumed per eating occasion by infants up to 12 months of age or by children 1 through 3 years of age, respectively.
[2] Except as provided in paragraphs [b][3], [b][4], and [b][6] of this section and for products that are intended for weight control and are available only through a weight-control or weight-maintenance program, serving size declared on a product label shall be determined from the “Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed Per Eating Occasion * * * *” [reference amounts] that appear in § 101.12[b] using the procedures described below. For products that are both intended for weight control and available only through a weight-control program, a manufacturer may determine the serving size that is consistent with the meal plan of the program. Such products must bear a statement, “for sale only through the ______ program” [fill in the blank with the name of the appropriate weight-control program, e.g., Smith's Weight Control], on the principal display panel. However, the reference amounts in § 101.12[b] shall be used for purposes of evaluating whether weight-control products that are available only through a weight-control program qualify for nutrient content claims or health claims.
[i] For products in discrete units [e.g., muffins, sliced products, such as sliced bread, or individually packaged products within a multiserving package] and for products which consist of two or more foods packaged and presented to be consumed together where the ingredient represented as the main ingredient is in discrete units [e.g., pancakes and syrup], the serving size shall be declared as follows:
[A] If a unit weighs 50 percent or less of the reference amount, the serving size shall be the number of whole units that most closely approximates the reference amount for the product category;
[B] If a unit weighs more than 50 percent, but less than 67 percent of the reference amount, the manufacturer may declare one unit or two units as the serving size;
[C] If a unit weighs 67 percent or more, but less than 200 percent of the reference amount, the serving size shall be one unit;
[D] If a unit weighs at least 200 percent and up to and including 300 percent of the applicable reference amount, the serving size shall be the amount that approximates the reference amount. In addition to providing a column within the Nutrition Facts label that lists the quantitative amounts and percent Daily Values per serving size, the manufacturer shall provide a column within the Nutrition Facts label that lists the quantitative amounts and percent Daily Values per individual unit. The first column would be based on the serving size for the product and the second column would be based on the individual unit. The exemptions in paragraphs [b][12][i][A], [B], and [C] of this section apply to this provision.
[E] The serving size for maraschino cherries shall be expressed as 1 cherry with the parenthetical metric measure equal to the average weight of a medium size cherry.
[F] The serving size for products that naturally vary in size [e.g., pickles, shellfish, whole fish, and fillet of fish] may be the amount in ounces that most closely approximates the reference amount for the product category. Manufacturers shall adhere to the requirements in paragraph [b][5][vi] of this section for expressing the serving size in ounces.
[G] For products which consist of two or more foods packaged and presented to be consumed together where the ingredient represented as the main ingredient is in discrete units [e.g., pancakes and syrup], the serving size may be the number of discrete units represented as the main ingredient plus proportioned minor ingredients used to make the reference amount for the combined product determined in § 101.12[f].
[H] For packages containing several individual single-serving containers, each of which is labeled with all required information including nutrition labeling as specified in § 101.9 [that is, are labeled appropriately for individual sale as single-serving containers], the serving size shall be 1 unit.
[ii] For products in large discrete units that are usually divided for consumption [e.g., cake, pie, pizza, melon, cabbage], for unprepared products where the entire contents of the package is used to prepare large discrete units that are usually divided for consumption [e.g., cake mix, pizza kit], and for products which consist of two or more foods packaged and presented to be consumed together where the ingredient represented as the main ingredient is a large discrete unit usually divided for consumption [e.g., prepared cake packaged with a can of frosting], the serving size shall be the fractional slice of the ready-to-eat product [e.g., 1⁄12 cake, 1⁄8 pie, 1⁄4 pizza, 1⁄4 melon, 1⁄6 cabbage] that most closely approximates the reference amount for the product category, and may be the fraction of the package used to make the reference amount for the unprepared product determined in § 101.12[c] or the fraction of the large discrete unit represented as the main ingredient plus proportioned minor ingredients used to make the reference amount for the combined product determined in § 101.12[f]. In expressing the fractional slice, manufacturers shall use 1⁄2, 1⁄3, 1⁄4, 1⁄5, 1⁄6, or smaller fractions that can be generated by further division by 2 or 3.
[iii] For nondiscrete bulk products [e.g., breakfast cereal, flour, sugar, dry mixes, concentrates, pancake mixes, macaroni and cheese kits], and for products which consist of two or more foods packaged and presented to be consumed together where the ingredient represented as the main ingredient is a bulk product [e.g., peanut butter and jelly], the serving size shall be the amount in household measure that most closely approximates the reference amount for the product category and may be the amount of the bulk product represented as the main ingredient plus proportioned minor ingredients used to make the reference amount for the combined product determined in § 101.12[f].
[3] The serving size for meal products and main dish products as defined in § 101.13 [l] and [m] that comes in single-serving containers as defined in paragraph [b][6] of this section shall be the entire content [edible portion only] of the package. Serving size for meal products and main dish products in multiserving containers shall be based on the reference amount applicable to the product in § 101.12[b] if the product is listed in § 101.12[b]. Serving size for meal products and main dish products in multiserving containers that are not listed in § 101.12[b] shall be based on the reference amount according to § 101.12[f].
[4] A variety pack, such as a package containing several varieties of single-serving units as defined in paragraph [b][2][i] of this section, and a product having two or more compartments with each compartment containing a different food, shall provide nutrition information for each variety or food per serving size that is derived from the reference amount in § 101.12[b] applicable for each variety or food and the procedures to convert the reference amount to serving size in paragraph [b][2] of this section.
[5] For labeling purposes, the term common household measure or common household unit means cup, tablespoon, teaspoon, piece, slice, fraction [e.g., 1⁄4 pizza], ounce [oz], fluid ounce [fl oz], or other common household equipment used to package food products [e.g., jar, tray]. In expressing serving size in household measures, except as specified in paragraphs [b][5][iv], [b][5][v], [b][5][vi], and [b][5][vii] of this section, the following rules shall be used:
[i] Cups, tablespoons, or teaspoons shall be used wherever possible and appropriate except for beverages. For beverages, a manufacturer may use fluid ounces. Cups shall be expressed in 1/4- or 1/3-cup increments. Tablespoons shall be expressed as 1, 1 1/3, 1 1/2, 1 2/3, 2, or 3 tablespoons. Teaspoons shall be expressed as 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1, or 2 teaspoons.
[ii] If cups, tablespoons or teaspoons are not applicable, units such as piece, slice, tray, jar, and fraction shall be used.
[iii] If paragraphs [b][5][i] and [b][5][ii] of this section are not applicable, ounces may be used with an appropriate visual unit of measure such as a dimension of a piece, e.g., 1 oz [28 g/about 1⁄2 pickle]. Ounce measurements shall be expressed in 0.5 oz increments most closely approximating the reference amount.
[iv] A description of the individual container or package shall be used for single serving containers and for individually packaged products within multiserving containers [e.g., can, box, package]. A description of the individual unit shall be used for other products in discrete units [e.g., piece, slice, cracker, bar].
[v] For unprepared products where the entire contents of the package is used to prepare large discrete units that are usually divided for consumption [e.g., cake mix, pizza kit], the fraction or portion of the package may be used.
[vi] Ounces with an appropriate visual unit of measure, as described in paragraph [b][5][iii] of this section, may be used for products that naturally vary in size as provided for in paragraph [b][2][i][F] of this section.
[vii] As provided for in § 101.9[h][1], for products that consist of two or more distinct ingredients or components packaged and presented to be consumed together [e.g. dry macaroni and cheese mix, cake and muffin mixes with separate ingredient packages, pancakes and syrup], nutrition information may be declared for each component or as a composite. The serving size may be provided in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs [b][2][i], [b][2][ii], and [b][2][iii] of this section, or alternatively in ounces with an appropriate visual unit of measure, as described in paragraph [b][5][iii] of this section [e.g., declared as separate components: “3 oz dry macaroni [84 g/about 2⁄3 cup]” and “1 oz dry cheese mix [28 g/about 2 tbsp];” declared as a composite value: “4 oz [112 g/about 2⁄3 cup macaroni and 2 tbsp dry cheese mix]”].
[viii] For nutrition labeling purposes, a teaspoon means 5 milliliters [mL], a tablespoon means 15 mL, a cup means 240 mL, 1 fl oz means 30 mL, and 1 oz in weight means 28 g.
[ix] When a serving size, determined from the reference amount in § 101.12[b] and the procedures described in this section, falls exactly half way between two serving sizes, e.g., 2.5 tbsp, manufacturers shall round the serving size up to the next incremental size.
[6] A product that is packaged and sold individually that contains less than 200 percent of the applicable reference amount must be considered to be a single-serving container, and the entire content of the product must be labeled as one serving. In addition to providing a column within the Nutrition Facts label that lists the quantitative amounts and percent Daily Values per serving, for a product that is packaged and sold individually that contains more than 150 percent and less than 200 percent of the applicable reference amount, the Nutrition Facts label may voluntarily provide, to the left of the column that provides nutrition information per container [i.e., per serving], an additional column that lists the quantitative amounts and percent Daily Values per common household measure that most closely approximates the reference amount.
[7] A label statement regarding a serving shall be the serving size expressed in common household measures as set forth in paragraphs [b][2] through [b][6] of this section and shall be followed by the equivalent metric quantity in parenthesis [fluids in milliliters and all other foods in grams] except for single-serving containers.
[i] For a single-serving container, the parenthetical metric quantity, which will be presented as part of the net weight statement on the principal display panel, is not required except where nutrition information is required on a drained weight basis according to § 101.9[b][9]. However, if a manufacturer voluntarily provides the metric quantity on products that can be sold as single servings, then the numerical value provided as part of the serving size declaration must be identical to the metric quantity declaration provided as part of the net quantity of contents statement.
[ii] The gram or milliliter quantity equivalent to the household measure should be rounded to the nearest whole number except for quantities that are less than 5 g [mL]. The gram [mL] quantity between 2 and 5 g [mL] should be rounded to the nearest 0.5 g [mL] and the g [mL] quantity less than 2 g [mL] should be expressed in 0.1-g [mL] increments.
[iii] In addition, serving size may be declared in ounce and fluid ounce, in parenthesis, following the metric measure separated by a slash where other common household measures are used as the primary unit for serving size, e.g., 1 slice [28 g/1 oz] for sliced bread. The ounce quantity equivalent to the metric quantity should be expressed in 0.1 oz increments.
[iv] If a manufacturer elects to use abbreviations for units, the following abbreviations shall be used: tbsp for tablespoon, tsp for teaspoon, g for gram, mL for milliliter, oz for ounce, and fl oz for fluid ounce.
[v] For products that only require the addition of water or another ingredient that contains insignificant amounts of nutrients in the amount added and that are prepared in such a way that there are no significant changes to the nutrient profile, the amount of the finished product may be declared in parentheses at the end of the serving size declaration [e.g., 1⁄2 cup [120 mL] concentrated soup [makes 1 cup prepared]].
[vi] To promote uniformity in label serving sizes in household measures declared by different manufacturers, FDA has provided a guidance document entitled, “Guidelines for Determining the Gram Weight of the Household Measure.” The guidance document can be obtained from the Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements [HFS-800], Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20740.
[8] Determination of the number of servings per container shall be based on the serving size of the product determined by following the procedures described in this section.
[i] The number of servings shall be rounded to the nearest whole number except for the number of servings between 2 and 5 servings and random weight products. The number of servings between 2 and 5 servings shall be rounded to the nearest 0.5 serving. Rounding should be indicated by the use of the term about [e.g., about 2 servings, about 3.5 servings].
[ii] When the serving size is required to be expressed on a drained solids basis and the number of servings varies because of a natural variation in unit size [e.g., maraschino cherries, pickles], the manufacturer may state the typical number of servings per container [e.g., usually 5 servings].
[iii] For random weight products, manufacturers may declare “varied” for the number of servings per container provided the nutrition information is based on the reference amount expressed in the appropriate household measure based on the hierarchy described in paragraph [b][5] of this section. Random weight products are foods such as cheeses that are sold as random weights that vary in size, such that the net contents for different containers would vary. The manufacturer may provide the typical number of servings in parentheses following the “varied” statement.
[iv] For packages containing several individual single-serving containers, each of which is labeled with all required information including nutrition labeling as specified in § 101.9 [that is, are labeled appropriately for individual sale as single-serving containers], the number of servings shall be the number of individual packages within the total package.
[v] For packages containing several individually packaged multiserving units, the number of servings shall be determined by multiplying the number of individual multiserving units in the total package by the number of servings in each individual unit.
[9] The declaration of nutrient and food component content shall be on the basis of food as packaged or purchased with the exception of raw fish covered under § 101.42 [see 101.44], packaged single-ingredient products that consist of fish or game meat as provided for in paragraph [j][11] of this section, and of foods that are packed or canned in water, brine, or oil but whose liquid packing medium is not customarily consumed [e.g., canned fish, maraschino cherries, pickled fruits, and pickled vegetables]. Declaration of nutrient and food component content of raw fish shall follow the provisions in § 101.45. Declaration of the nutrient and food component content of foods that are packed in liquid which is not customarily consumed shall be based on the drained solids.
[10] Another column of figures may be used to declare the nutrient and food component information:
[i] Per 100 g or 100 mL, or per 1 oz or 1 fl oz of the food as packaged or purchased;
[ii] Per one unit if the serving size of a product in discrete units is more than 1 unit.
[iii] Per cup popped for popcorn in a multiserving container.
[11] If a product is promoted on the label, labeling, or advertising for a use that differs in quantity by twofold or greater from the use upon which the reference amount in § 101.12[b] was based [e.g., liquid cream substitutes promoted for use with breakfast cereals], the manufacturer shall provide a second column of nutrition information based on the amount customarily consumed in the promoted use, in addition to the nutrition information per serving derived from the reference amount in § 101.12[b], except that nondiscrete bulk products that are used primarily as ingredients [e.g., flour, sweeteners, shortenings, oils], or traditionally used for multipurposes [e.g., eggs, butter, margarine], and multipurpose baking mixes are exempt from this requirement.
[12]
[i] Products that are packaged and sold individually and that contain at least 200 percent and up to and including 300 percent of the applicable reference amount must provide an additional column within the Nutrition Facts label that lists the quantitative amounts and percent Daily Values for the entire package, as well as a column listing the quantitative amounts and percent Daily Values for a serving that is less than the entire package [i.e., the serving size derived from the reference amount]. The first column would be based on the serving size for the product and the second column would be based on the entire contents of the package.
[A] This provision does not apply to products that meet the requirements to use the tabular format in paragraph [j][13][ii][A][1] of this section or to products that meet the requirements to use the linear format in paragraph [j][13][ii][A][2] of this section.
[B] This provision does not apply to raw fruits, vegetables, and seafood for which voluntary nutrition labeling is provided in the product labeling or advertising or when claims are made about the product.
[C] This provision does not apply to products that require further preparation and provide an additional column of nutrition information under paragraph [e] of this section, to products that are commonly consumed in combination with another food and provide an additional column of nutrition information under paragraph [e] of this section, to products that provide an additional column of nutrition information for two or more groups for which RDIs are established [e.g., both infants and children less than 4 years of age], to popcorn products that provide an additional column of nutrition information per 1 cup popped popcorn, or to varied-weight products covered under paragraph [b][8][iii] of this section.
[ii] When a nutrient content claim or health claim is made on the label of a product that uses a dual column as required in paragraph [b][2][i][D] or [b][12][i] of this section, the claim must be followed by a statement that sets forth the basis on which the claim is made, except that the statement is not required for products when the nutrient that is the subject of the claim meets the criteria for the claim based on the reference amount for the product and the entire container or the unit amount. When a nutrient content claim is made, the statement must express that the claim refers to the amount of the nutrient per serving [e.g., “good source of calcium per serving” or “per X [insert unit]__serving”] or per reference amount [e.g., “good source of calcium per [insert reference amount [e.g., per 8 ounces]]], as required based on § 101.12[g]. When a health claim is made, the statement shall be “A serving of __ounces of this product conforms to such a diet.”
[c] The declaration of nutrition information on the label and in labeling of a food shall contain information about the level of the following nutrients, except for those nutrients whose inclusion, and the declaration of amounts, is voluntary as set forth in this paragraph. No nutrients or food components other than those listed in this paragraph as either mandatory or voluntary may be included within the nutrition label. Except as provided for in paragraphs [f] or [j] of this section, nutrient information shall be presented using the nutrient names specified and in the following order in the formats specified in paragraphs [d] or [e] of this section.
[1] “Calories, total,” “Total calories,” or “Calories”: A statement of the caloric content per serving, expressed to the nearest 5-calorie increment up to and including 50 calories, and 10-calorie increment above 50 calories, except that amounts less than 5 calories may be expressed as zero. Energy content per serving may also be expressed in kilojoule units, added in parentheses immediately following the statement of the caloric content.
[i] Caloric content may be calculated by the following methods. Where either specific or general food factors are used, the factors shall be applied to the actual amount [i.e., before rounding] of food components [e.g., fat, carbohydrate, protein, or ingredients with specific food factors] present per serving.
[A] Using specific Atwater factors [i.e., the Atwater method] given in table 13, USDA Handbook No. 74 [slightly revised, 1973],
[B] Using the general factors of 4, 4, and 9 calories per gram for protein, total carbohydrate, and total fat, respectively, as described in USDA Handbook No. 74 [slightly revised, 1973] pp. 9-11;
[C] Using the general factors of 4, 4, and 9 calories per gram for protein, total carbohydrate [less the amount of non-digestible carbohydrates and sugar alcohols], and total fat, respectively, as described in USDA Handbook No. 74 [slightly revised, 1973] pp. 9-11. A general factor of 2 calories per gram for soluble non-digestible carbohydrates shall be used. The general factors for caloric value of sugar alcohols provided in paragraph [c][1][i][F] of this section shall be used;
[D] Using data for specific food factors for particular foods or ingredients approved by the Food and Drug Administration [FDA] and provided in parts 172 or 184 of this chapter, or by other means, as appropriate;
[E] Using bomb calorimetry data subtracting 1.25 calories per gram protein to correct for incomplete digestibility, as described in USDA Handbook No. 74 [slightly revised, 1973] p. 10; or
[F] Using the following general factors for caloric value of sugar alcohols: Isomalt - 2.0 calories per gram, lactitol - 2.0 calories per gram, xylitol - 2.4 calories per gram, maltitol - 2.1 calories per gram, sorbitol - 2.6 calories per gram, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates - 3.0 calories per gram, mannitol - 1.6 calories per gram, and erythritol - 0 calories per gram.
[ii] “Calories from saturated fat” or “Calories from saturated” [VOLUNTARY]: A statement of the caloric content derived from saturated fat as defined in paragraph [c][2][i] of this section in a serving may be declared voluntarily, expressed to the nearest 5-calorie increment, up to and including 50 calories, and the nearest 10-calorie increment above 50 calories, except that amounts less than 5 calories may be expressed as zero. This statement shall be indented under the statement of calories as provided in paragraph [d][5] of this section.
[2] “Fat, total” or “Total fat”: A statement of the number of grams of total fat in a serving defined as total lipid fatty acids and expressed as triglycerides where fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids consisting of a chain of alkyl groups and characterized by a terminal carboxyl group. Amounts shall be expressed to the nearest 0.5 [1⁄2] gram increment below 5 grams and to the nearest gram increment above 5 grams. If the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content shall be expressed as zero.
[i] “Saturated fat,” or “Saturated”: A statement of the number of grams of saturated fat in a serving defined as the sum of all fatty acids containing no double bonds, except that label declaration of saturated fat content information is not required for products that contain less than 0.5 gram of total fat in a serving if no claims are made about fat, fatty acid, or cholesterol content, and if “calories from saturated fat” is not declared. Except as provided for in paragraph [f] of this section, if a statement of the saturated fat content is not required and, as a result, not declared, the statement “Not a significant source of saturated fat” shall be placed at the bottom of the table of nutrient values. Saturated fat content shall be indented and expressed as grams per serving to the nearest 0.5 gram [1⁄2] gram increment below 5 grams and to the nearest gram increment above 5 grams. If the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content shall be expressed as zero.
[ii] “Trans fat” or “Trans”: A statement of the number of grams of trans fat in a serving, defined as the sum of all unsaturated fatty acids that contain one or more isolated [i.e., nonconjugated] double bonds in a trans configuration, except that label declaration of trans fat content information is not required for products that contain less than 0.5 gram of total fat in a serving if no claims are made about fat, fatty acid or cholesterol content. The word “trans” may be italicized to indicate its Latin origin. Trans fat content shall be indented and expressed as grams per serving to the nearest 0.5 [1⁄2]-gram increment below 5 grams and to the nearest gram increment above 5 grams. If the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content, when declared, shall be expressed as zero. Except as provided for in paragraph [f] of this section, if a statement of the trans fat content is not required and, as a result, not declared, the statement “Not a significant source of trans fat” shall be placed at the bottom of the table of nutrient values.
[iii] “Polyunsaturated fat” or “Poly-unsaturated” [VOLUNTARY]: A statement of the number of grams of polyunsaturated fat in a serving defined as cis,cis-methylene-interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids may be declared voluntarily, except that when monounsaturated fat is declared, or when a claim about fatty acids or cholesterol is made on the label or in labeling of a food other than one that meets the criteria in § 101.62[b][1] for a claim for “fat free,” label declaration of polyunsaturated fat is required. Polyunsaturated fat content shall be indented and expressed as grams per serving to the nearest 0.5 [1⁄2] gram increment below 5 grams and to the nearest gram increment above 5 grams. If the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content shall be expressed as zero.
[iv] “Monounsaturated fat” or “Monounsaturated” [VOLUNTARY]: A statement of the number of grams of monounsaturated fat in a serving defined as cis-monounsaturated fatty acids may be declared voluntarily except that when polyunsaturated fat is declared, or when a claim about fatty acids or cholesterol is made on the label or in labeling of a food other than one that meets the criteria in § 101.62[b][1] for a claim for “fat free,” label declaration of monounsaturated fat is required. Monounsaturated fat content shall be indented and expressed as grams per serving to the nearest 0.5 [1⁄2] gram increment below 5 grams and to the nearest gram increment above 5 grams. If the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content shall be expressed as zero.
[3] “Cholesterol”: A statement of the cholesterol content in a serving expressed in milligrams to the nearest 5-milligram increment, except that label declaration of cholesterol information is not required for products that contain less than 2 milligrams cholesterol in a serving and make no claim about fat, fatty acids, or cholesterol content, or such products may state the cholesterol content as zero. Except as provided for in paragraph [f] of this section, if cholesterol content is not required and, as a result, not declared, the statement “Not a significant source of cholesterol” shall be placed at the bottom of the table of nutrient values in the same type size. If the food contains 2 to 5 milligrams of cholesterol per serving, the content may be stated as “less than 5 milligrams.”
[4] “Sodium”: A statement of the number of milligrams of sodium in a specified serving of food expressed as zero when the serving contains less than 5 milligrams of sodium, to the nearest 5-milligram increment when the serving contains 5 to 140 milligrams of sodium, and to the nearest 10-milligram increment when the serving contains greater than 140 milligrams.
[5] “Fluoride” [VOLUNTARY]: A statement of the number of milligrams of fluoride in a specified serving of food may be declared voluntarily, except that when a claim is made about fluoride content, label declaration shall be required. Fluoride content shall be expressed as zero when the serving contains less than 0.1 milligrams of fluoride, to the nearest 0.1-milligram increment when the serving contains less than or equal to 0.8 milligrams of fluoride, and the nearest 0.2 milligram-increment when a serving contains more than 0.8 milligrams of fluoride. Bottled water that bears a statement about added fluoride, as permitted by § 101.13[q][8], must bear nutrition labeling that complies with requirements for the simplified format in paragraph [f] of this section.
[6] “Carbohydrate, total” or “Total carbohydrate”: A statement of the number of grams of total carbohydrate in a serving expressed to the nearest gram, except that if a serving contains less than 1 gram, the statement “Contains less than 1 gram” or “less than 1 gram” may be used as an alternative, or if the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content may be expressed as zero. Total carbohydrate content shall be calculated by subtraction of the sum of the crude protein, total fat, moisture, and ash from the total weight of the food. This calculation method is described in A. L. Merrill and B. K. Watt, “Energy Value of Foods - Basis and Derivation,” USDA Handbook 74 [slightly revised 1973] pp. 2 and 3, which is incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552[a] and 1 CFR part 51 [the availability of this incorporation by reference is given in paragraph [c][1][i][A] of this section].
[i] “Dietary fiber”: A statement of the number of grams of total dietary fiber in a serving, indented and expressed to the nearest gram, except that if a serving contains less than 1 gram, declaration of dietary fiber is not required or, alternatively, the statement “Contains less than 1 gram” or “less than 1 gram” may be used, and if the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content may be expressed as zero. Dietary fiber is defined as non-digestible soluble and insoluble carbohydrates [with 3 or more monomeric units], and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants; isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates [with 3 or more monomeric units] determined by FDA to have physiological effects that are beneficial to human health. Except as provided for in paragraph [f] of this section, if dietary fiber content is not required, and as a result not declared, the statement “Not a significant source of dietary fiber” shall be placed at the bottom of the table of nutrient values in the same type size. The following isolated or synthetic nondigestible carbohydrate[s] have been determined by FDA to have physiological effects that are beneficial to human health and, therefore, shall be included in the calculation of the amount of dietary fiber: [beta]-glucan soluble fiber [as described in § 101.81[c][2][ii][A]], psyllium husk [as described in § 101.81[c][2][ii][B][1]], cellulose, guar gum, pectin, locust bean gum, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The manufacturer must make and keep records in accordance with paragraphs [g][10] and [11] of this section to verify the declared amount of dietary fiber in the label and labeling of food when a mixture of dietary fiber, and added nondigestible carbohydrate[s] that does not meet the definition of dietary fiber, is present in the food.
[A] “Soluble fiber” [VOLUNTARY]: A statement of the number of grams of soluble dietary fiber in a serving may be declared voluntarily except that when a claim is made on the label or in labeling about soluble fiber, label declaration shall be required. Soluble fiber must meet the definition of dietary fiber in this paragraph [c][6][i]. The manufacturer must make and keep records in accordance with paragraphs [g][10] and [11] of this section to verify the declared amount of soluble fiber in the label and labeling of food when a mixture of soluble fiber and added non-digestible carbohydrate[s] that does not meet the definition of dietary fiber is present in the food. Soluble fiber content shall be indented under dietary fiber and expressed to the nearest gram, except that if a serving contains less than 1 gram, the statement “Contains less than 1 gram” or “less than 1 gram” may be used as an alternative, and if the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content may be expressed as zero.”
[B] “Insoluble fiber” [VOLUNTARY]: A statement of the number of grams of insoluble dietary fiber in a serving may be declared voluntarily except that when a claim is made on the label or in labeling about insoluble fiber, label declaration shall be required. Insoluble fiber must meet the definition of dietary fiber in this paragraph [c][6][i]. The manufacturer must make and keep records in accordance with paragraphs [g][10] and [11] of this section to verify the declared amount of insoluble fiber in the label and labeling of food when a mixture of insoluble and added non-digestible carbohydrate[s] that does not meet the definition of dietary fiber is present in the food. Insoluble fiber content shall be indented under dietary fiber and expressed to the nearest gram, except that if a serving contains less than 1 gram, the statement “Contains less than 1 gram” or “less than 1 gram” may be used as an alternative, and if the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content may be expressed as zero.
[ii] “Total Sugars”: A statement of the number of grams of sugars in a serving, except that the label declaration of sugars content is not required for products that contain less than 1 gram of sugars in a serving if no claims are made about sweeteners, sugars, or sugar alcohol content. Except as provided for in paragraph [f] of this section, if a statement of the total sugars content is not required and, as a result, not declared, the statement “Not a significant source of total sugars” shall be placed at the bottom of the table of nutrient values in the same type size. Total sugars shall be defined as the sum of all free mono- and disaccharides [such as glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose]. Total sugars content shall be indented and expressed to the nearest gram, except that if a serving contains less than 1 gram, the statement “Contains less than 1 gram” or “less than 1 gram” may be used as an alternative, and if the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content may be expressed as zero.
[iii] “Added Sugars”: A statement of the number of grams of added sugars in a serving, except that label declaration of added sugars content is not required for products that contain less than 1 gram of added sugars in a serving if no claims are made about sweeteners, sugars, added sugars, or sugar alcohol content. Except as provided for in paragraph [f] of this section, if a statement of the added sugars content is not required and, as a result, not declared, the statement “Not a significant source of added sugars” shall be placed at the bottom of the table of nutrient values in the same type size. Added sugars are either added during the processing of foods, or are packaged as such, and include sugars [free, mono and disaccharides], sugars from syrups and honey, and sugars from concentrated fruit or vegetable juices that are in excess of what would be expected from the same volume of 100 percent fruit or vegetable juice of the same type, except that fruit or vegetable juice concentrated from 100 percent juices sold to consumers, fruit or vegetable juice concentrates used towards the total juice percentage label declaration under § 101.30 or for Brix standardization under § 102.33[g][2] of this chapter, fruit juice concentrates which are used to formulate the fruit component of jellies, jams, or preserves in accordance with the standard of identities set forth in §§ 150.140 and 150.160 of this chapter, or the fruit component of fruit spreads shall not be labeled as added sugars. Added sugars content shall be indented under Total Sugars and shall be prefaced with the word “Includes” followed by the amount [in grams] “Added Sugars” [“Includes `X' g Added Sugars”]. It shall be expressed to the nearest gram, except that if a serving contains less than 1 gram, the statement “Contains less than 1 gram” or “less than 1 gram” may be used as an alternative, and if the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content may be expressed as zero. When a mixture of naturally occurring and added sugars is present in the food, and for specific foods containing added sugars, alone or in combination with naturally occurring sugars, where the added sugars are subject to fermentation and/or non-enzymatic browning, the manufacturer must make and keep records in accordance with paragraphs [g][10] and [11] of this section to verify the declared amount of added sugars in the label and labeling of food.
[iv] “Sugar alcohol” [VOLUNTARY]: A statement of the number of grams of sugar alcohols in a serving may be declared voluntarily on the label, except that when a claim is made on the label or in labeling about sugar alcohol or total sugars, or added sugars when sugar alcohols are present in the food, sugar alcohol content shall be declared. For nutrition labeling purposes, sugar alcohols are defined as the sum of saccharide derivatives in which a hydroxyl group replaces a ketone or aldehyde group and whose use in the food is listed by FDA [e.g., mannitol or xylitol] or is generally recognized as safe [e.g., sorbitol]. In lieu of the term “sugar alcohol,” the name of the specific sugar alcohol [e.g., “xylitol”] present in the food may be used in the nutrition label provided that only one sugar alcohol is present in the food. Sugar alcohol content shall be indented and expressed to the nearest gram, except that if a serving contains less than 1 gram, the statement “Contains less than 1 gram” or “less than 1 gram” may be used as an alternative, and if the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content may be expressed as zero.
[7] “Protein”: A statement of the number of grams of protein in a serving, expressed to the nearest gram, except that if a serving contains less than 1 gram, the statement “Contains less than 1 gram” or “less than 1 gram” may be used as an alternative, and if the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content may be expressed as zero. When the protein in foods represented or purported to be for adults and children 4 or more years of age has a protein quality value that is a protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of less than 20 expressed as a percent, or when the protein in a food represented or purported to be for children greater than 1 but less than 4 years of age has a protein quality value that is a protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of less than 40 expressed as a percent, either of the following shall be placed adjacent to the declaration of protein content by weight: The statement “not a significant source of protein,” or a listing aligned under the column headed “Percent Daily Value” of the corrected amount of protein per serving, as determined in paragraph [c][7][ii] of this section, calculated as a percentage of the Daily Reference Value [DRV] or Reference Daily Intake [RDI], as appropriate, for protein and expressed as a Percent of Daily Value. When the protein quality in a food as measured by the Protein Efficiency Ratio [PER] is less than 40 percent of the reference standard [casein] for a food represented or purported to be specifically for infants through 12 months, the statement “not a significant source of protein” shall be placed adjacent to the declaration of protein content. Protein content may be calculated on the basis of the factor 6.25 times the nitrogen content of the food as determined by the appropriate method of analysis as given in the “Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International,” except when official AOAC procedures described in this paragraph [c][7] require a specific factor other than 6.25, that specific factor shall be used.
[i] A statement of the corrected amount of protein per serving, as determined in paragraph [c][7][ii] of this section, calculated as a percentage of the RDI or DRV for protein, as appropriate, and expressed as Percent of Daily Value, may be placed on the label, except that such a statement shall be given if a protein claim is made for the product, or if the product is represented or purported to be specifically for infants through 12 months or children 1 through 3 years of age. When such a declaration is provided, it should be placed on the label adjacent to the statement of grams of protein and aligned under the column headed “Percent Daily Value,” and expressed to the nearest whole percent. However, the percentage of the RDI for protein shall not be declared if the food is represented or purported to be specifically for infants through 12 months and the protein quality value is less than 40 percent of the reference standard.
[ii] The “corrected amount of protein [gram] per serving” for foods represented or purported for adults and children 1 or more years of age is equal to the actual amount of protein [gram] per serving multiplied by the amino acid score corrected for protein digestibility. If the corrected score is above 1.00, then it shall be set at 1.00. The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score shall be determined by methods given in sections 5.4.1, 7.2.1, and 8.00 in “Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Protein Quality Evaluation,” except that when official AOAC procedures described in paragraph [c][7] of this section require a specific factor other than 6.25, that specific factor shall be used. For foods represented or purported to be specifically for infants through 12 months, the corrected amount of protein [grams] per serving is equal to the actual amount of protein [grams] per serving multiplied by the relative protein quality value. The relative protein quality value shall be determined by dividing the subject food protein PER value by the PER value for casein. If the relative protein value is above 1.00, it shall be set at 1.00.
[iii] For the purpose of labeling with a percent of the DRV or RDI, a value of 50 grams of protein shall be the DRV for adults and children 4 or more years of age, a value of 11 grams of protein shall be the RDI for infants through 12 months, a value of 13 grams shall be the DRV for children 1 through 3 years of age, and a value of 71 grams of protein shall be the RDI for pregnant women and lactating women.
[8] “Vitamins and minerals”: The requirements related to including a statement of the amount per serving of vitamins and minerals are described in this paragraph [c][8].
[i] For purposes of declaration of percent of Daily Value as provided for in paragraphs [d], [e], and [f] of this section, foods represented or purported to be specifically for infants through 12 months, children 1 through 3 years, pregnant women, and lactating women shall use the RDIs that are specified for the intended group. For foods represented or purported to be specifically for both infants through 12 months of age and children 1 through 3 years of age, the percent of Daily Value shall be presented by separate declarations according to paragraph [e] of this section based on the RDI values for infants through 12 months of age and children 1 through 3 years of age. When such dual declaration is used on any label, it shall be included in all labeling, and equal prominence shall be given to both values in all such labeling. The percent Daily Value based on the RDI values for pregnant women and lactating women shall be declared on food represented or purported to be specifically for pregnant women and lactating women. All other foods shall use the RDI for adults and children 4 or more years of age.
[ii] The declaration of vitamins and minerals as a quantitative amount by weight and percent of the RDI shall include vitamin D, calcium, iron, and potassium in that order, for infants through 12 months, children 1 through 3 years of age, pregnant women, lactating women, and adults and children 4 or more years of age, except quantitative weights for these vitamins and minerals are not required for labels described in paragraph [j][13] of this section. The declaration of folic acid shall be included as a quantitative amount by weight when added as a nutrient supplement or a claim is made about the nutrient. The declaration of vitamins and minerals in a food, as a quantitative amount by weight and percent of the RDI, may include any of the other vitamins and minerals listed in paragraph [c][8][iv] of this section. The declaration of vitamins and minerals shall include any of the other vitamins and minerals listed in paragraph [c][8][iv] of this section as a statement of the amount per serving of the vitamins and minerals as described in this paragraph [c][8][ii], calculated as a percent of the RDI and expressed as a percent of the Daily Value, when they are added as a nutrient supplement, or when a claim is made about them, unless otherwise stated as quantitative amount by weight and percent of the Daily Value. Other vitamins and minerals need not be declared if neither the nutrient nor the component is otherwise referred to on the label or the labeling or advertising and the vitamins and minerals are:
[A] Required or permitted in a standardized food [e.g., thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin in enriched flour] and that standardized food is included as an ingredient [i.e., component] in another food; or
[B] Included in a food solely for technological purposes and declared only in the ingredient statement. The declaration may also include any of the other vitamins and minerals listed in paragraph [c][8][iv] of this section when they are naturally occurring in the food. The additional vitamins and minerals shall be listed in the order established in paragraph [c][8][iv] of this section.
[iii] The percentages for vitamins and minerals shall be expressed to the nearest 2-percent increment up to and including the 10-percent level, the nearest 5-percent increment above 10 percent and up to and including the 50-percent level, and the nearest 10-percent increment above the 50-percent level. Quantitative amounts and percentages of vitamins and minerals present at less than 2 percent of the RDI are not required to be declared in nutrition labeling but may be declared by a zero or by the use of an asterisk [or other symbol] that refers to another asterisk [or symbol] that is placed at the bottom of the table and that is followed by the statement “Contains less than 2 percent of the Daily Value of this [these] nutrient [nutrients]” or “Contains