What is basic research in nursing?

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Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal (BANRJ) is a peer-reviewed and scientific Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies in all areas of nursing. The journal focuses on sharing data and information about basic and applied nursing study to support evidence-based practice in nursing education, clinical application in all nursing specialties, and all aspects of healthcare. BANRJ is published two times a year, specifically in June and December by Future Science (FS), and accepts submission articles from all over the world.

Name:  Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal (BANRJ)
E-ISSN:  2722-8274 
DOI:  10.11594/banrj
Period:  June and December
Indexing and Abstracting: Garuda, Google Scholar, Crossref, Scilit, ROAD, and others in progress
Partnered with:  ReviewerCredits and Publons
Publication Guidelines:  COPE Guidelines
Publisher:  Future Science, Malang, Indonesia
Founded:   2020

Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal (BANRJ) is a peer-reviewed and scientific Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies in all areas of nursing. The journal focuses on sharing data and information about basic and applied nursing study to support evidence-based practice in nursing education, clinical application in all nursing specialties, and all aspects of healthcare. BANRJ is published two times a year, specifically in June and December by Future Science (FS), and accepts submission articles from all over the world.

BANRJ Journal publishes original research work either as a Full Research Paper or as a Short Communication. Review Articles on a current topic in the said fields are also considered for publication by the Journal.

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Types of Nursing Research

Types of Nursing Research

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1. 1. PRESENTED BY ANJANI.S.KAMAL EMS COLLEGE OF NURSING
2. 2. DEFINITION OF RESERCH Research is defined as a systematic and scientific process to answer to questions about facts and relationship between facts. It is an activity involved in seeking answer to unanswered questions. Research seeks to generate an answer to the problem as well as suggesting additional questions in flood of further inquiry.
3. 3. (Ruth M. French, 1968) Research may be defined as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observation that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, theories, resulting in prediction and possible ultimate control of events. (J. W. Best, 1969) Research is the process of systematic obtaining accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions by the use of the scientific method of gathering and interpreting information. (Clover and Balsley, 1979) Research may be defined as planned, systematic search for information for the purpose of increasing the total body of man's knowledge. It involves
4. 4. NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research refers to the use of systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation in attempting to discover or confirm facts that relate to specific problem or question about the practice of nursing. (Walls and Bauzell, 1981) Nursing research is defined as the application of scientific inquiry to the phenomena of concern to nursing. Nursing research seeks to find new knowledge that can eventually be applied in providing nursing care to patients.
5. 5. Nursing research develops knowledge about health and promotion of health over the full lifespan, care of person with health problems and disabilities to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems. (Commission of Nursing Research, American Nurses Association, 1981) Nursing research is a way to identify new knowledge, improve professional education and practices and use of resources effectively. (International Council of Nurses, 1986) Nursing Research is scientific, systematic and orderly process to find out solution for problems concern to nursing or generating and refining the nursing knowledge to improve quality of nursing care, nursing
6. 6. NEED AND PURPOSES  Develop, refine, and extend the, scientific base of knowledge, which is required for quality nursing care, education, and administration.  Enhance the body of professional knowledge in nursing.  Provide foundation for evidence-based nursing practices.  Help in expansion of knowledge, which is essential for continued growth of nursing profession.
7. 7.  Enhance their professional identity as research is an essential component of any profession.  Define the parameters of nursing, which will help nurses to identify boundaries of nursing profession.  Refine and eliminate old knowledge so that it helps in elimination of nursing actions that have no effect on the achievement of desired client outcomes.  Enhance accuracy of different nursing educational and administrative techniques.  Develop and refine nursing theories and principles.
8. 8. B. RESEARCH PROCESS Conceptual phase  Formulating and delimiting the problem Reviewing the related literature Under taking clinical field work Defining the framework and development of conceptual definitions Formulating hypothesis Designing and planning phase Selecting a research design. Developing protocol for intervention
9. 9. Identifying the population to be studied. Designing the sample plan. Specifying the method to measure the research variable. Developing methods for safeguarding human / animal rights. Finalizing and reviewing the research plan. ( pilot study. ) Empirical phase Collecting the data Preparing the data for analysis.
10. 10. Analytic phase Analyzing the data Interpreting the result Dissemination phase Communicating the findings Utilizing the finding in practice.
11. 11. TYPES OF NURSING RESEARCH
12. 12. According to earnest desire  Basic research  Applied research  Exploratory research  Descriptive research  Diagnostic research  Evaluative research  Action research.
13. 13. BASIC RESEARCH  It is also known as Pure, theoretical or fundamental research, which is always aimed to enriching the theory, by untravelling the untold mysteries of nature.  Basic research is the formal and systematic process of deductive-inductive analysis leading to the development of theories.  It is a theoretical or pure research that generates, rests and expand theories that describe, explain, or predict the phenomenon of interest to the discipline without regard to its later use.
14. 14. PROCESS OBSERV ATION INDUCTI ON DEDUCTI ON
15. 15. PURPOSES  Basic research offers solution to many practical problems, e.g. Maslow's theory of motivation.  Basic research helps to find the critical factors in a practical problems/ e.g. commonsense approach to any problem.  Basic research develops many alternative solutions and thus enables us to choose the best solutions. Example Behavioral and cognitive behavioral group –based on parenting programmes for early – onset conduct problems in children aged 3 -12 year ( Maired Furlong , Sinead M .C .Gilioway , Tracey Huchings ,Susan M Smith , Michel Donnelly , online publication date –feb 2012 )
16. 16. 2. APPLIED RESEARCH  Applied research or empirical research always aims at enriching the application of the theory  It refers to "answers questions related to the applicability of basic theories in practical situation; tests the practical limits of descriptive theories that does not examine the efficacy of actions taken by practitioners."  Applied research has been referred to as "practical application of the theoretical."
17. 17. `The results of the applied research study "the effect of a social support boosting interventions on stress, coping and social support in care givers of children with HIV/AIDS" provide an example of research that has the potential for application in specific practice settings. The results of the study indicated the seronegative caregivers participating in a social support boosting intervention showed substantially increased coping abilities.
18. 18. CONTRIBUIONS  Uncovers new facts, which can contribute new facts which enrich the concerned body of knowledge.  Offers an opportunity to test the validity of existing theories. .  May help in conceptual clarification  May integrate previously existing theories.
19. 19. BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH  Aims to illuminate the theory by enriching the basis of discipline  Studies a problem usually from the focus of one discipline.  Seek generalizations.  Works on the hypothesis that variables not measured remain constant.  Tries to say why things  Aims to solve a problem by enriching the field of application of a discipline.  Often several disciplines collaborate for solving the Problem.  Often studies individual cases without the objective to generalize.  Recognize that other variables are constantly changing.  Tries to say how things can be changed
20. 20. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH  Exploratory or formulative study conducted which relatively little is known about the phenomenon, sometimes called pilot study.  As enough data relevant to the problem are gathered the researcher knowledge about his subject improves and he becomes capable of formulate a clear hypothesis for further testing and confirmation.  Since this type of research the emphasis on discovery of ideas and insights its design is always kept flexible and non-structured to permit considerations of different aspects of a phenomenon.
21. 21. PURPOSES  To generate new ideas  To increase the researchers familiarity with the problem, or  To make precise formulation of the problem  To determine whether it is feasible to attempt the study .
22. 22. LITRERATURE REVIEW SURVEY ANALYSIS OF INSIGHT STIMULATING CASES
23. 23. 4.Descriptive Research  Descriptive research is non-experimental research designed to discover new meaning and to provide new knowledge where there is very little known about the phenomena of interest.  Data collection by using one or more appropriate methods; observation, interviewing and mail questionnaire.  Descriptive research aims at answering the 'what' and 'why' of the current state of some system.
24. 24. Criterias  Problem must be describable and not agreeable.  The data should be amenable to an accurate objective and if possible quantitative assemblage for reliability and significance.  It should be possible to develop valid standards of comparison.  It should lend itself to verifiable procedure for collection and analysis of data.
25. 25. LONGITUDINAL DESCRIPTIV E RESEARCH CROSS SECTIONAL
26. 26. 5. Diagnostic Research  Diagnostic study is similar to descriptive study with a different focus. It is directed discovering what is happening, why it is happening and what can be done. It aims at identifying the causes of problem and the possible solutions for it.  More directly concerned with causal relationships and with implications for action than descriptive study.  Directed towards discovering not only what is occurring but why it is occurring and what can be done about it.  More actively guided by hypothesis than descriptive study.  Not possible in areas where knowledge is not advanced enough to make possible adequate
27. 27. 6. Evaluative Research  Evaluation is the determination of the results attained by some activity (whether a Programme, a drug or a therapy or an approach or nursing approach) diagnosed to accomplish some valid goal or objective. Evaluation study is made for assessing the effectiveness of social, or economical, or health programmes implemented or for assessing the impact-of developmental projects on the development of the project area (e.g., evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programmes on different topics).
28. 28. PURPOSES OF EVALUATIVE RESEARCH To discover whether and how well the objectives are being fulfilled. To determine the research for specific success or failure. To direct the course of experiment with techniques for increasing effectiveness. To uncover principles underlying a successful programme. To base further research on the reason for the relative success of alternative techniques. To redefine the means to be used for attaining objectives and to redefine sub-goals , in light of research findings.
29. 29. 7. Action Research Action research arose from social change theory and has become a valuable strategy in a variety of practice settings including nursing. As its name implies action researchers pursue action and research outcomes at the same time. Action research is focused on immediate application, not on the development of theory or on general application.
30. 30. Action research has the advantage of allowing research to be done in situations where other research method may be difficult or impractical use. "To achieve action, action research, is responsive , it has to be able to respond to the emerging need of the situation .It must be flexible in a way then some other research methods cannot be.
31. 31. QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE  Humans are biopsychosocial beings known by their biological, psychological and social characteristics.  Truth is objective reality that can be experienced with the senses and measured by the researcher  .Researcher selects a representative (of population) sample and determines size before collecting data.  Humans are complex beings who attribute unique meaning to their life situations. They are known by their personal expressions.  Truth is the subjective expression of reality as perceived by the participant and shared with the researcher. Truth is context- laden.  Researcher selects participants who are experiencing the phenomenon of interest and collects data until saturation is reached.
32. 32.  Researcher uses an extensive approach to collect data.  Questionnaire and measurement devices are preferably administered in one setting by an unbiased individual to control for extraneous variables.  Reliability and validity of instruments and internal and external validity permit judgment of scientific rigor  Researcher uses an intensive approach to collect data.  Researcher conducts interviews and participant or nonparticipant observation in environments where participants usually spend their time. Researcher bias is acknowledged and set aside.  Creditability, autidability, fittingness and
33. 33. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  Qualitative research is particularly well suited to study the human experience of health, a central concern of nursing science.  Because qualitative methods focus on the whole of human experience and the meaning ascribed by individuals living the experience.  These methods permit broader understanding and deeper insight into complex human behaviours that what might be obtained from surveys and other linear measures of perceptions
34. 34. IDENTIFYING PHENOMENON STRUCTURING STUDY GATHERING DATA ANALYZING DATA DESCRIDING THE FINDING
35. 35. PHENOMINOLOGICAL  Phenomenology is a "science whose purposed is to describe particular phenomena or the appearance of things as lived experience." Six core steps used in phenominological1. Descriptive Phenomenology: It involves direct exploration analysis and description of particular phenomena as free as possible from unexamined pre suppositions aiming at maximum intuitive presentation
36. 36. 2. Phenominology of essence: Phenomenology of essence involves probing through the data to search for common themes or essence and establishing patterns of relationship shared by particular phenomenon. 3. Phenomenology of Appearances: Phenomenology of appearances involves giving attention to the ways in which phenomena appear. In watching the ways in which phenomena appear the researcher pays particular attention to the different ways in which an object presents itself.
37. 37. 4. Constitutive Phenomenology: Constitutive phenomenology is studying phenomena as they become established or constituted in our consciousness. 5. Reductive Phenomenology: Reductive phenomenology although addressed as a separate process occurs concurrently throughout a phenomenological investigation. The researcher continually addresses personal biases assumptions and purest description of the phenomenon under investigation. 6. Interpretive or Hermeneutic Phenomenology: Interpretive frameworks within phenomenology are
38. 38. 2.Grounded Theory Grounded theory is an inductive, qualitative research method that seeks to understand and explain human behavior The aim of this theory approach is to discover underlyingsocial forces that shape human behaviour. This method is used to construct theory where no theory exists or in situations where existing theory fails to explain a set of circumstances. The goal of this method is the development of theory that explains underlying social and psychological processes.
39. 39. For example , Nathanial’s study their main concern was moral distress and the core category which processed their concern was moral reckoning. 3.Ethnography Ethnography is the systematic process of observing, detailing, describing, documenting and analysing the lifeways or particular patterns of culture or subculture in order to group the lifeways or patterns of the people in their familiar environment.
40. 40. Ethnographic attempts to describe the culture of group from the perspective of the members- that is, how they view their own culture-through in-depth study that involves systematic observations of the group activities language and customs. 3.Historical Research History is a meaningful record of human achievement. It is not merely a list of chronological event but a truthful integrated account of the, relationships between persons, events, times and places.
41. 41. The use of history is to understand the past and try to understand the present in the light or past event and development . Historical study is a study of past records and other information source with view to restructuring the origin and development of an institution or a movement or a system and discovering the trends in the past.
42. 42. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RANDAMIZATION CONTROL MANIPULATION
43. 43. TYPES Pretest/post-test control group design Solomon four-group design Two-group random sample design Matching samples design Factorial designs.
44. 44. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS A quasi-experimental design, may be defined as a quantitative research design in which there is always manipulation of the independent variable(s) and control measures are employed, but the other element of a true experiment, random assignment of subjects, is absent. 1.Nonrandomized control group design 2.Counterbalanced design 3.Time series design 4.Control group time series design.
45. 45. The nonrandomized control group design, also termed the none equivalent control group design is often used in nursing research studies. When circumstances preclude . •random assignment of subjects to an experimental and control group at the beginning of an experiment. •A nontreatment group may be established for the purpose of comparing outcomes. • However, there is no way to guarantee that the groups are equivalent as to other characteristics. The counterbalanced design is more
46. 46. some of the previously described problems. This design can be used when more than one treatment method is attempted. Each group of subjects is given a different treatment at the same point in time during the course of the experiment. The time series design is useful when an experimenter wants to measure the effects of a treatment over a long period of time. In this design, the experimenter would continue to administer the treatment and measure the effects a number of times during the course of experiment.
47. 47. Pre-Experimental Designs Pre-experiments are the simplest form of research design. In a pre-experiment either a single group or multiple groups are observed subsequent to some agent or treatment presumed to cause change. Types of Pre-Experimental Design One-shot case study design One-group pretest-posttest design Static-group comparison
48. 48. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research Designs In nonexperimental research, the researcher collects data and describes phenomena as they exist. Unlike experimental research variables are not manipulated because no interventions take place, there are no control measures, and there is no random assignment of subjects to groups'
49. 49. The following nonexperimental designs will be discussed: I. Correlational designs. II. Descriptive designs III. Time perspective designs IV. Retrospective designs V. Prospective designs VI. Designs that use existing data VII.Focus group research VIII.Content analysis.
50. 50. A.Correlational Designs Correlational designs are nonexperimental designs that allow the researcher to infer relationships among two or more variables, rather than to draw conclusions about cause and effect. B.Descriptive Designs Descriptive research is often a preliminary to correlational research or to experimental studies. Descriptive research studies (nit to be confused with qualitative research) can serve
51. 51. new meaning and to provide new knowledge when there is very little known about a topic of interest, They also provide a knowledge base when a research problem needs to be refined when hypotheses need to be formulated or data collection and analysis procedures need to be designed. C.Time Perspective Designs. ln time perspective designs (also called time dimensional designs), time is an important factor. Time perspective designs are concerned with examining trends or changes across time.
52. 52. D.Retrospective Designs In retrospective designs (retrospective means "looking backward"), changes in the independent variable have already occurred before the research due to the natural course of events. The dependent variable (Y) is identified in the present, and then the researcher looks to the previous event that has already occurred to identify the possible independent variable
53. 53. E. Prospective Designs In contrast to retrospective studies' which identify the dependent variable in the present and look to the past to identify the independent variable, prospective designs identify the independent variable (x) in the present and look to the future to identify potential effects (Y). F. Designs that Use Existing Data meta-analysis is a technique in which the investigator examines research findings across a number of research investigations relating the same general phenomenon. The investigator then pools the
54. 54. synthesizes the findings- that is brings together the findings of the many separate investigations relating to the same general phenomenon. “The original investigators have done the analyzing; the meta-analyst synthesizes the results of these analyses” G. Focus Group Research Focus group research design is a method that allows the researcher to examine the points of view of a number of individuals as they share their opinions/concerns about a topic. Essentially, a focus group consists of a small number
55. 55. of individuals who share a common bond. This bond might be any number of things such as age, number of children, wealth or lack of it, a specific disease or any other commonality defined by the researcher. H. Content Analysis Content analysis is a data-analysis method that is used not only in quantitative research but also in qualitative research. In quantitative research, content analysis can be used as “a method to make inferences based on systematic, objective, and statistical analysis of written text or oral communication and documentation” (Doordan1998).
56. 56. In qualitative research, content analysis is a process to analyze the content of qualitative information gathered from the study participants by "categorizing observations into themes and concepts emerging from the data" (Doordan,1998) )
57. 57. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH  1. This type of research always begins with some hypothesis which the researcher wants to test.  2. Control of extraneous variables is a very important phase in this type of research. Extraneous variables  1.In this type of research, it is not essential to always have a hypothesis. All exploratory and many descriptive research do not have any hypothesis. 2.In this type of research, the researcher exercises very little control over extraneous NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
58. 58. 3.Data generated by this type of research are not helpful in establishing the cause and effect relationship between variables. are those which operate in the experimental situation in addition to the independent variable, they must be controlled, so that they will not mask the possible effect of the independent variable. 3. Data generated by the research are used to establish cause and effect relationship between two variables. On the basis of this data, one can predict changes in the dependent variable for given changes and the independent
59. 59. 4. This type of research is narrow in scope. There are number of social science subjects where this type of research is not possible. 4.They can be used only to describe certain relationship without showing that functions interdependent. 5.The scope of the research is very wide. All Social science research

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