In the University of Michigan studies refers to how strict a leaders standards are

The University of Michigan Studies

A series of studies on leadership were done in Michigan University, starting in the 1950s. Under the general direction of Rensis Likert, the focus of the Michigan studies was to determine the principles and methods of leadership that led to productivity and job satisfaction. Two types of leadership behaviours were identified:

  • employee orientation (stress the human-relations aspect, employees are viewed as human beings with personal needs)
  • production orientation (stress on the technical and production aspects of the job, employees viewed as the means of getting the work done).
Leaders with an employee orientation showed genuine concern for interpersonal relations. Those with a production orientation focused on the task or technical aspects of the job.
In the University of Michigan studies refers to how strict a leaders standards are

The conclusion of the Michigan studies was that an employee orientation and general instead of close supervision yielded better results. Likert eventually developed four "systems" of management based on these studies; he advocated System 4 (the participative-group system, which was the most participatory set of leader behaviors) as resulting in the most positive outcomes (Encyclopedia of Management, 2009).

Sirje Virkus, Tallinn University, 2009

 Leadership and Team Management

  1. Because leading is one of the four basic managerial functions, _____ leaders.
    A) all managers are
    B) all managers should be
    C) some managers are
    D) some managers should be
  1. Early Leadership trait research looked to find characteristics that might ___
    A) distinguish ordinary leaders from great leaders
    B) define charisma
    C) identify the physical traits of leaders
    D) differentiate leaders from non leaders
  2. Leaders are___.
    A) Individual people, while leadership is a process.
    B) the first step in the leadership process
    C) individual people who study the leadership process
    D) the final step in the leadership process
  3. If a trait theory of leadership were true, then all leaders would possess _______.
    A) Charisma
    B) the same traits
    C) Different traits
    D) Seven traits
  4. The most successful early trait theories focused on_____.
    A) traits of famous leaders
    B) traits of followers
    C) traits associated with leadership
    D) traits with distinguish leaders from nonleaders
  5. Trait theory helps explain why ____.
    A) Some people are leaders
    B) Some people are not leaders
    C) Successful leaders are effective
    D) Leadership involves extraversion
  6. Behavioral theories of leadership focused on_____.
    A) who effective leaders
    B) what characteristics effective leaders had
    C) how to identify effective leaders
    D) what effective leaders did
  7. The promise of behavioral theories of leadership held that this would be possible.
    A) picking a leader out of the crowd
    B) being able to train a person to be a leader
    C) explaining why successful leaders are so successful
    D) Eliminating ineffective leaders
  8. The University of Iowa studies discussed all of the following leadership styles except
    A) laissez-faire
    B) democratic
    C) Benelovent
    D) Autocratic
  9. Which leadership style tends to centralize authority and make unilateral decisions?
    A) cultural style
    B) autocratic style
    C) democratic style
    D) laissez-faire


Answers:

  1. Answer: B
  2. Answer: D
  3. Answer: A
  4. Answer: B
  5. Answer: C
  6. Answer: C
  7. Answer: D
  8. Answer: B
  9. Answer: C
  10. Answer: B

Jared's boss encourages employees to participate in the decision-making process but does not give them complete freedom to do as they like. She has this of leadership style.
A) monarchial
B) autocratic
C) laissez-faire
D) democratic
Answer: D

Monica's boss allows her to make any decision she thinks is important on the spot without consulting anyone. Monica's boss has this kind of leadership style.
A) laissez-faire
B) autocratic style
C) democratic style
D) hands on style
Answer: A

The Iowa studies indicated that this was the most successful leadership style.
A) autocratic
B) laissez-faire
C) comination of autocratic and laissez-faire
D) democratic
Answer: D

A democratic consultative leader
A) seeks input and shares the final decision
B) makes the final decision without input
C) seeks input but makes the final decision by oneself
D) shares the final decision without input
Answer: C

A democratic participate leader ____.
A) seeks input and shares the final decision
B) shares the final decision without input
C) makes the final decision without input
D) seeks input but makes the final decision by oneself
Answer: A

Tannenbaum and Schmidt's continuum studies suggested that managers should move toward_____leadership styles.
A) manager-centered
B) task centered
C) employee centered
D) quality centered
Answer: C

In the Ohio State studies, _______refers to how strict a leader's standards are.
A) independent dimensions
B) comprehensive dimensions
C) initiating structure
D) consideration
Answer: C

In the Ohio State studies, ____refers to how much mutual trust exists between employees and leaders
A) consideration of limitations
B) consideration
C) initiating structure
D) initiating ideas
Answer: B

A high-high leader in the Ohio State studies achieved the highest ratings with respect to
A) both employee performance and satisfaction
B) employee performance only
C) employee satisfaction only
D) employee performance for routine tasks only
Answer: A

The Ohio State studies indicated that leaders who were high in consideration performed
A) best in all situations
B) best when employee tasks were routine
C) worst when employee tasks were routine
D) best when employee tasks were nonroutine
Answer: B

According to the University of Michigan studies, leaders who were ____were associated with higher group productivity and higher job satisfaction.
A) Employee oriented
B) Initiating structure
C) Considerate
D) Production oriented
Answer: A

On the managerial grid, a leader who is high in both concern for people and concern for production would rate
A)1,1
B) 9,1
C) 5,5
D) 9,9
Answer: D

Which description best characterizes a 9,1 leadership style on the managerial grid?
A) impoverished management
B) Task management
C) Middle of the road management
D) country club management
Answer: B

Which quadrant of the managerial grid generally idnetifies the most successful leaders?
Answer: Top right

The key to the Fiedler contingency model of leadership is to match
Answer: leadership style and situation

Fiedler assumed a person's leadership style
Answer: is fixed

The ___dimension reflects the degree of trust and respect subordinates had for their leader in Fiedler's model.
Answer: leader member relations

Jobs in a firm are quite informal. Workers are versatile and switch tasks and responsibilities depending on the situation. in Fiedler's model, this firm would be said to have ____.
Answer: Low task structure

A major criticism of Fiedler's work stated that it failed to recognize the effective leaders ____.
Answer: Can change leadership styles

In the situational leadership theory (SLT), readiness is defined as _____ to perform a task.
Answer: both the ability and willingness

____is defined in situational theory as a high task, low relationship leadership role
Answer: Telling

A leader who provides maximum supportive behavior and a great deal of explicit instructions for how to carry out a task is assuming this SLT role.
Answer: Selling

A leader who pretty much leaves employees on their own is assuming this SLT role.
Answer: delegating

Which category of follower is considered to be both unable and unwilling to complete a task
Answer: R1

Which category of follower is considered to be able but unwilling to complete a task?
Answer: R3

Which leadership style works best with an R1 type of follower
Answer: telling

A delegating leadership style works best which type of follower
Answer: R4

Which leadership works best with an R2 type of follower
Answer: Selling

A participating leadership style works best with which type of follower
Answer: R3

The leader-participation model contends that leader behavior should
Answer: adjust to the structure of the task involved

Which of the following is included in the class of contingency variables that are associated with personal characteristics of the follower
Answer: locus of control

In highly mechanistic organization
Answer: supportive approach seems best

A participative leadership style works will with subordinates who
Answer: have an internal locus of control

Leaders who are looking for exceptionally high performance from subordinates might try this approach
Answer: achievement oriented

A leader should avoid a directive leadership style when
Answer: tasks are highly structured

Transactional leaders are leaders who guide by
Answer: offering rewards to followers

Visionary leaders are leaders who guide by
Answer: articulating a vision of the future

Transformational leaders are leaders who guide by
Answer: inspiring followers

Transformational leaders have
Answer: oranizations that are highly productive

Which term is most closely associated with transformational leaders?
Answer: inspiring

Research has shown that
Answer: Charisma can be learned

Trained charismatic leaders had wokers who were ___those who had been led by noncharismatic leaders
Answer: more productive than

Visionary leadership differs from charismatic leadership because of its focus on
Answer: a positive image of the future

Team leadership and traditional leadership in hierarchial ogranizations are thought to be
Answer: very different

Consultant estimates state that __team leaders
Answer: 85 percent of managers are not natural

A difficult skill for a team leader to learn is knowing when to
Answer: intervene with the team

A team's ___marks the border between tasks that are strictly the team's responsibility and those that the team shares with other parts of the organizations
Answer: external boundary

This team leader role requires leaders to try to get the best out of their team
Answer: Coach

When a design team is having problems getting it's new simulation software to work correctly, the team leader takes on this role
Answer: troubleshooter

When a team is considering joining forces with another team in the organization, the team leader takes on the role
Answer: Liaison

When two members of a team are having a personal confilct, the team leaders takes on the role.
Answer: conflict manager

The key diff between team leader and traditional leadership is that in teams,_______decisions
Answer: employees are empowered to make

___is one key reason that employees are frequently empowered with decision making ability in today's business world
Answer: larger spans of control

A unique problem that virtual leaders face is being understood without a __form of communication
Answer: nonverbal

Being humble is a characteristics of
Answer: japanese

A ____would avoid publicly praising a productive employee
Answer: dutch

A ____is characterized by high performance orientation
Answer: german

Most leadership theories were developed in the U.S, causing them to stress
Answer: rationality over spirituality

All of the following appear to be universal elements of transformational leadership except
Answer: aggresiveness

Which of the following in NOT a key component of emotional intelligence
Answer: active imagination

Studies who that the higher the rank a star performer has in an organization the more he or she relies on___for success
Answer: emotional intelligence

the is the dimension of trust that includes technical skills
Answer: competence

This is the dimension of trsust that includes how reliable a leader is
Answer: consistency

This is " that includes how honest a leader is
Answer: integrity

Which of the following is not a reason that the importance of trust has increased in today's business climate.
Answer: only 60 percent of us employees trust their leaders


What refers to how strict a leaders standards are?

Leaders that adopt the bureaucratic leadership style are all about rules. They set strict procedures which they follow precisely, and expect their team to do the same.

What is Michigan study of leadership theory?

The Michigan Leadership Studies identified the leadership styles that produced the highest employee satisfaction and productivity. The studies categorized leadership styles as either employee orientation, which emphasizes human relations, or production orientation, which focuses on task-oriented activities.

What was the general conclusion of the Michigan studies?

The conclusion of the Michigan studies was that an employee orientation and general instead of close supervision yielded better results.

Who has led the study at Michigan University with reference to leadership theories?

The Michigan Leadership Studies were the well-known series of leadership studies that commenced at the University of Michigan in the 1950s by Rensis Likert, with the objective of identifying the principles and types of leadership styles that led to greater productivity and enhanced job satisfaction among workers.