In which stage of Eriksons psychosocial development would the nurse expect a 4 year old to be in the process of achieving?
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Figure 1. Erik Erikson. Erikson’s Psychosocial TheoryNow, let’s turn to a less controversial psychodynamic theorist, the father of developmental psychology, Erik Erikson (1902-1994). Erikson was a student of Freud’s and expanded on his theory of psychosexual development by emphasizing the importance of culture in parenting practices and motivations and adding three stages of adult development (Erikson, 1950; 1968). BackgroundAs an art school dropout with an uncertain future, young Erik Erikson met Freud’s daughter, Anna Freud, while he was tutoring the children of an American couple undergoing psychoanalysis in Vienna. It was Anna Freud who encouraged Erikson to study psychoanalysis. Erikson received his diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute in 1933, and as Nazism spread across Europe, he fled the country and immigrated to the United States that same year. Erikson later proposed a psychosocial theory of development, suggesting that an individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan—a departure from Freud’s view that personality is fixed in early life. In his theory, Erikson emphasized the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development, in contrast to Freud’s emphasis on erogenous zones. Erikson identified eight stages, each of which includes a conflict or developmental task. The development of a healthy personality and a sense of competence depend on the successful completion of each task. Psychosocial Stages of DevelopmentErikson believed that we are aware of what motivates us throughout life and that the ego has greater importance in guiding our actions than does the id. We make conscious choices in life, and these choices focus on meeting certain social and cultural needs rather than purely biological ones. Humans are motivated, for instance, by the need to feel that the world is a trustworthy place, that we are capable individuals, that we can make a contribution to society, and that we have lived a meaningful life. These are all psychosocial problems. Erikson’s theory is based on what he calls the epigenetic principle, encompassing the notion that we develop through an unfolding of our personality in predetermined stages, and that our environment and surrounding culture influence how we progress through these stages. This biological unfolding in relation to our socio-cultural settings is done in stages of psychosocial development, where “progress through each stage is in part determined by our success, or lack of success, in all the previous stages.”[1] Erikson described eight stages, each with a major psychosocial task to accomplish or crisis to overcome. Erikson believed that our personality continues to take shape throughout our life span as we face these challenges. We will discuss each of these stages in greater detail when we discuss each of these life stages throughout the course. Here is an overview of each stage:
Strengths and weaknesses of Erikson’s theoryErikson’s eight stages form a foundation for discussions on emotional and social development during the lifespan. Keep in mind, however, that these stages or crises can occur more than once or at different times of life. For instance, a person may struggle with a lack of trust beyond infancy. Erikson’s theory has been criticized for focusing so heavily on stages and assuming that the completion of one stage is a prerequisite for the next crisis of development. His theory also focuses on the social expectations that are found in certain cultures, but not in all. For instance, the idea that adolescence is a time of searching for identity might translate well in the middle-class culture of the United States, but not as well in cultures where the transition into adulthood coincides with puberty through rites of passage and where adult roles offer fewer choices. By and large, Erikson’s view that development continues throughout the lifespan is very significant and has received great recognition. However, like Freud’s theory, it has been criticized for focusing on more men than women and also for its vagueness, making it difficult to test rigorously. Watch ItWatch this video to learn more about each of Erikson’s stages. You can view the transcript for “Erikson’s psychosocial development | Individuals and Society | MCAT | Khan Academy” here (opens in new window). Try ItGlossaryeight stages of psychosocial development:Erikson’s stages of trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despairpsychosocial theory:Erikson’s theory that emphasizes the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development. The lifespan is broken into eight stages, each with a major psychosocial task to accomplish or crisis to overcome. Contribute!Did you have an idea for improving this content? We’d love your input. Improve this pageLearn More Which developmental theorist explained the behavior of a 4 year old?Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
The stages in his theory follow a specific order, and each subsequent stage only occurs after the one before it. These stages are: Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old) Preoperational stage (2–7 years old)
Which cognitive developmental stage would the nurse expect for a 4 year old child whose concept of death is based on a sense of causality?The 4-year-old child's concept of death is based on a sense of causality. In what stage of Piaget's cognitive development is this child? Rationale: Piaget describes preoperational thought as the preschooler's thought processes. A 4-year-old child is a preschooler.
What are the 8 stages of Erikson's psychosocial development?A Closer Look at the Eight Psychosocial Stages. Overview of Erikson's Stages of Development.. Trust vs. Mistrust.. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.. Initiative vs. Guilt.. Industry vs. Inferiority.. Identity vs. Confusion.. Intimacy vs. Isolation.. Generativity vs. Stagnation.. Which stage of Piaget theory of cognitive development would the nurse observe in a preschooler?A preschooler is in what stage of development according to Piaget's Theory? The answer is A. A preschooler is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. This stage includes children 2-7 years.
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