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A newspaper of record is a major national newspaper with large circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative and independent; they are thus "newspapers of record by reputation" and include some of the oldest and most widely respected newspapers in the world. The number and trend of "newspapers of record by reputation" is related to the state of press freedom and political freedom in a country. Show It may also be a newspaper authorized to publish public or legal notices, thus serving as a newspaper of public record. A newspaper whose editorial content is directed by the state can be referred to as an official newspaper of record, but the lack of editorial independence means that it is not a "newspaper of record by reputation". Newspapers of record by reputation that focus on business can also be called newspapers of financial record. Newspapers of public record[edit]Paris headquarters of Le Figaro, France's centre-right newspaper of record (public record and by reputation) A "newspaper of public record", or government gazette, refers to a publicly available newspaper that is authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices. It is often established by statute or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice. Such gazettes may have minimal or no editorial content (opinion articles), and are focused on public notification of state services and state decisions; an example is Latvia's Latvijas Vēstnesis. In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the government to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish such notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others). Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the courts for publication of legal notices, such as notices of fictitious business names, if judicial and statutory standards are met. These are sometimes called "legally adjudicated newspapers". Government organs[edit]The term "newspapers of public record" can also denote those owned and operated by a government that directs their entire editorial content. Such newspapers, while pejoratively termed "state mouthpieces", can also be called "official newspapers of record", independently of whether they publish legal notices - distinguishing them from a gazette whose primary role is to publish notices, as their entire content represents the official view and doctrine of the state. This kind of official newspaper is distinct from newspapers of record by reputation, and is liable to fail the reputation criterion due to its governmental control. The word "official" can be used to distinguish them from "newspapers of record by reputation". Examples include Russia's Rossiyskaya Gazeta, North Korea's Rodong Sinmun, and China's People's Daily. Newspapers of record by reputation[edit]First edition of Neue Zürcher Zeitung (1780), the world's oldest newspaper of record by reputationThe second type of "newspaper of record" (also "journal of record", or in French presse de référence) is not defined by formal criteria, and its characteristics vary. The category comprises newspapers that are considered to meet high standards of journalism, including editorial independence (particularly from the government and from its owners), accountability (mistakes are acknowledged), attention to detail and accuracy, and comprehensiveness and balance of coverage; they are regarded internationally (as well as in their own country/region) by major global outlets. Despite changes in society, newspapers of record by reputation have historically tended to maintain a similar tone, coverage, style, and traditions; many are over a century old, and some over two centuries old (e.g. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, The Times, The Guardian, Le Figaro, and The Sydney Morning Herald). Newspapers of record by reputation can be respected for the accuracy and quality of their reporting and be either ideologically conservative (e.g. The Wall Street Journal and The Telegraph) or liberal (e.g. The Washington Post and The Guardian). While many countries are proud of their newspapers of record by reputation, in some countries they face an openly hostile state or political system that tries to suppress their press freedoms. Examples include Turkey's Cumhuriyet, where many of the staff have been imprisoned, Panama's La Prensa, where staff has been shot and the owners forced into exile, and Venezuela's El Nacional, which was forced out of print by the state when it seized their assets (see ). Etymology[edit]The term is believed to have originated among librarians who began referring to The New York Times as the "newspaper of record" when it became the first U.S. newspaper in 1913 to publish an index of the subjects it covered. In recognition of that usage, The New York Times held an essay contest in 1927 in which entrants had to demonstrate "The Value of The New York Times Index and Files as a Newspaper of Record". The New York Times, and other newspapers of its type sought to chronicle events, acting as a record of the day's announcements, schedules, directories, proceedings, transcripts, and appointments. By 2004, The New York Times no longer considered itself a newspaper of record in the original, literal sense. Over time, historians relied on The New York Times and similar titles as a reliable archival and historical record of significant past events, and a gauge of societal opinions at the time of printing. The term "newspaper of record" evolved from its original literal sense to that newer meaning. The derived term "financial (or business) newspaper of record" is attributed to the Wall Street Journal, the Financial Times, and to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei). While newspapers of record by reputation are typically major widely-read national (and international) publications, subject-specific newspapers of record also exist (see ). Examples of existing newspapers[edit]Country Continent Newspaper City of publication Founded Language Refs. Argentina South AmericaLa Nación Buenos Aires 1870 Spanish Australia OceaniaThe Age Melbourne 1854 EnglishThe Sydney Morning Herald Sydney 1831 Austria EuropeDie Presse Vienna 1848 GermanDer Standard 1988 Bahamas North AmericaThe Nassau Guardian Nassau 1844 English Bangladesh AsiaThe Daily Star Dhaka 1991 English Belgium EuropeLe Soir Brussels 1887 FrenchDe Standaard Groot-Bijgaarden 1918 Dutch Bolivia South AmericaEl Diario La Paz 1904 Spanish Brazil South AmericaO Estado de S. Paulo São Paulo 1875 PortugueseFolha de S.Paulo 1921O Globo Rio de Janeiro 1925 Canada North AmericaLe Devoir Montreal 1910 FrenchThe Globe and Mail Toronto 1844 English Chile South AmericaEl Mercurio Santiago 1900 Spanish Colombia South AmericaEl Tiempo Bogotá 1911 Spanish Czech Republic EuropeLidové noviny Prague 1893 Czech Denmark EuropeBerlingske Copenhagen 1749 Danish Egypt AfricaAl-Ahram Cairo 1875 Arabic Finland EuropeHelsingin Sanomat Helsinki 1889 Finnish France Europe Le FigaroParis 1826 FrenchLibération 1973Le Monde 1944 Germany EuropeFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Frankfurt 1949 GermanDer Spiegel Hamburg 1947Süddeutsche Zeitung Munich 1945Die Welt Berlin 1946Die Zeit Hamburg 1946 Greece EuropeKathimerini Athens 1919 Greek Hong Kong AsiaSouth China Morning Post Hong Kong 1903 English Iceland EuropeMorgunblaðið Reykjavík 1913 Icelandic India AsiaThe Hindu Chennai 1878 EnglishThe Times of India Mumbai 1838 Indonesia AsiaKompas Jakarta 1965 Indonesian Iran AsiaEttela'at Tehran 1926 Persian Ireland EuropeThe Irish Times Dublin 1859 English Israel AsiaHaaretz Tel Aviv 1919 Hebrew and English Italy EuropeIl Sole 24 Ore Milan 1965 ItalianCorriere della Sera Milan 1876La Stampa Turin 1867la Repubblica Rome 1976 Jamaica North AmericaThe Gleaner Kingston 1834 English Japan AsiaThe Asahi Shimbun Osaka 1879 Japanese and EnglishMainichi Shimbun Tokyo 1872Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei) 1876Yomiuri Shimbun 1874 Kenya AfricaDaily Nation Nairobi 1960 English Lebanon AsiaAn-Nahar Beirut 1933 ArabicL'Orient-Le Jour Beirut 1971 French Luxembourg EuropeLuxemburger Wort Luxembourg City 1848 German, Luxembourgish, English, and French Malaysia AsiaNew Straits Times Kuala Lumpur 1965 English Mexico North AmericaReforma Mexico City 1993 Spanish Netherlands EuropeNRC Amsterdam 1970 Dutch New Zealand OceaniaThe New Zealand Herald Auckland 1863 English Norway EuropeAftenposten Oslo 1860 Norwegian (Riksmål) Pakistan AsiaDawn Karachi 1941 English Panama North AmericaLa Prensa Panama City 1980 Spanish Peru South America El ComercioLima 1839 Spanish Philippines AsiaPhilippine Daily Inquirer Makati 1985 English Poland EuropeGazeta Wyborcza Warsaw 1989 PolishRzeczpospolita 1920 Portugal EuropeDiário de Notícias Lisbon 1864 PortuguesePúblico Lisbon 1990 Serbia EuropePolitika Belgrade 1904 Serbian Singapore AsiaThe Straits Times Singapore 1845 English South Africa AfricaMail & Guardian Johannesburg 1985 English South Korea AsiaThe Chosun Ilbo Seoul 1920 KoreanThe Dong-a Ilbo 1920JoongAng Ilbo 1965 Spain EuropeABC Madrid 1903 SpanishEl Mundo 1989El País 1976 Sweden EuropeDagens Nyheter Stockholm 1864 Swedish Switzerland EuropeNeue Zürcher Zeitung Zürich 1780 GermanLe Temps Geneva 1998 French Thailand AsiaBangkok Post Bangkok 1946 English Trinidad and Tobago North AmericaTrinidad and Tobago Guardian Port of Spain 1917 English Turkey AsiaCumhuriyet Istanbul 1924 Turkish United Kingdom EuropeThe Daily Telegraph London 1855 EnglishThe Financial Times 1888The Guardian 1821The Times 1785 United States North AmericaLos Angeles Times Los Angeles 1881 EnglishThe New York Times New York City 1851The Wall Street Journal 1889The Washington Post Washington, D.C. 1877 Vatican City EuropeL'Osservatore Romano Rome 1861 Italian, English, French, Spanish, German, Polish, and PortugueseExamples of fallen newspapers[edit]The former headquarters of El Nacional, Venezuela's long-standing newspaper of record, which was seized by the state in 2018 and forced out of newsprint productionOver time, some established newspapers of record by reputation have lost their status due to financial collapse, take-over or merger by another entity that did not have the same standards or allowed increased government control and suppression of the paper's editorial independence. The existence of newspapers of record by reputation is an aspect of the level of press freedom and political freedom in a country, with major first-world democracies having several such newspapers (e.g. United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy and Japan); in contrast, countries that have seen a decline in their newspapers of record by reputation can represent a decline in levels of personal and political freedom (e.g. Zimbabwe, Venezuela, and Cambodia). Examples include:
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