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Page 2
An overview of recent in vivo and in vitro studies of Allium cepa based on its therapeutic efficacy.
| Antimicrobial effect [in vivo] | Broiler chicks | 1.5–2.5 g | Population of E. coli in ileum was decreased at a rate of 2.5 g/kg feed, while the amount of Lactobacillus was increased | Onion may alter a microflora intestinal, which improves digestion and absorption of nutrients in the intestines | [56] |
| Antimicrobial effect [in vitro] | Escherichia coli bacterial strains | Powdered bulb onion | The strain tested had MIC = 93.8 ± 44.2 µg/mL and MBC = 312.5 ± 265 µg/mL showing that A. cepa had antibacterial effect to a certain extent | Destroys bacteria by using their most active extract forms, or combining them to achieve latent synergistic effects | [158] |
| Food-borne bacterial strains | 15.6–1000 μg/mL | All bacteria projected inhibition zone, but a greater inhibitory effect was observed for S. aureus [IZD = 6.90 ± 1.26] | n.m. | [58] | |
| Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | n.m. | Methanolic extract of onion inhibits E. coli and S. aureus. | Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, quercetin inhibited the growth of Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria | [45] | |
| Gastrointestinal tract pathogens | n.m. | 100% aqueous extracts of green onion bulbs displayed maximum bacterial kill, and its kill rate is slightly higher than the kill rate by positive control for E. aerogenes | Flavonoids and phenolic compounds of green onion bulb destroy bacterial membrane and shows antibacterial activity | [60] | |
| Antiplatelet activity [in vivo] | Sprague Dawley rats | 6 µg/mL | Significant inhibition of aggregation of platelets | Flavones such as apigenin, chrysin, and phloretin inhibited aggregation of platelets | [87] |
| Rats | 5 μg/mL | Platelet aggregation was inhibited | Inhibition of aggregation-inducing molecules, thromboxane A2 [TXA2], and intracellular Ca2+ by blocking TXA2 synthase [TXAS] and cyclooxygenase-1 [COX-1] activities | [159] | |
| Antiplatelet activity [in vitro] | Two healthy nonsmoker donors | n.m. | The dose-response curves developed using different dosages of allium juice vs. the percentage of inhibition of aggregation are calculated for juice levels needed to reduce platelet aggregation by 50% [IC50] | Aglycone part did not take part in inhibiting platelet aggregation. The flavone part of flavonoids of A. cepa played the major role | [160] |
| Gallstone treatment [in vivo] | Sprague Dawley rats | 7% [w/w] onion powder | Lowered ballooning, hepatic steatosis, and lobular inflammation | Quercetin decreases the levels of hepatic enzymes, serum lipids, steatosis, and inflammation through regulating the expressions of NF-kB, p65, Sirt1, and iNOS | [134] |
| Antiparasitic activity [in vitro] | Leishmania tarentolae and Trypanosoma brucei brucei | 3–5 µg/mL | Zwiebelane in the onion extract killed both types of parasites efficiently | The forming of disulfide bonds between SH classes of essential redox compounds and secondary metabolites containing sulfur are inhibiting trypanothion reductases | [137] |
| Antidepressant activity [in vivo] | Albino Wistar mice | 200 mg/kg/day | Immobilization stress substantially reduced | Reduce stress by its potential antioxidant mechanism | [144] |
| Anti-inflammatory [in vivo] | Wistar rats | 35–140 mg/kg/day | Reduced the pulmonary inflammatory cells, such as eosinophil, neutrophil, and monocyte and overall WBC | Inhibited NF-κB cells which induce inflammation | [156] |
| BV-2 microglial cells | 50–500 mg/mL | Attenuated neuroinflammation | Onion increases iNOS expression at the protein levels and mRNA in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells, thus reducing proinflammatory cytokines IL-1-b, TNF-a, and IL-6 | [155] | |
| Wistar rats | 150 and 300 mg/kg | Reduced lymphocyte and eosinophil count in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF] | n.m. | [154] | |
| Inflammatory responses [in vitro] | RAW 264.7 cells | 100 mg/mL | LPS-induced inflammation | Dose-dependent reduction in IL-6, TNF-a, and IL-1-b secretion, as well as NO production | [4] |
| Neuroprotective activity [In vivo] | Swiss albino male mice | 200 mg/kg/day | Reduced lipid peroxidation and nitrate/nitrite ratios, as well as increased GSH and catalase activities. The amount of AChE in the body was also decreased. | Quercetin, kaempferol, cycloartenol, phytosterols like lophenol, 24-ethyl cycloartenol, and 24-methyl lophenol have been found to inhibit transcription of genes like FAS, S14, transferrin, apolipoprotein CIII | [161] |
| Mice | 300 mg/kg | Protects mice from neuronal harm in I/R induced retinal injury. | Changes the expression of neurotrophic factor | [162] | |
| Ashthma [in vivo] | Blomia tropicalis [a type of mite] | 100–1000 mg/kg | Induced asthma | Reduced IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE levels | [163] |
| Inhibitory and stimulatory activity [in vivo] | Mice | 10–200 g | Inhibitory effect on Th2 activity and stimulatory effect on Th1 | Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, as well as IgE, were inhibited at 1000 µg/mL | [164] |
| Osteoclastogenesis [in vitro] | RAW264.7 cells | 100–1000 μg/mL | Induced inflammatory conditions | Cepa inhibited the development of IL-6 and IL-1a while increasing the production of IL-3 and IL-4 and inhibiting the NF- κB pathway | [165] |
| In breast cancer [in vivo] | Female BALB/c mice | 0.1 mL/100 g bw | Stimulatory effects on Th1 but inhibitory effects on Th2 activity | Induced decreases in IL-4 and rises in IFN-c levels and IFN-c/IL4 ratio [Th1/Th2 balance] | [166] |
| Allergic rhinitis [In vivo] | BALB/c mice | 20–40 mL | Decreased allergic symptoms, Reduced eosinophil penetration of nasal turbinate mucosa, and OVA-specific IgE levels | Levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN-c decreased in groups treated with onion extract | [167] |
| Immunomodulatory property [in vitro] | BALB/c mice | 3.5–15 μg/mL | Showed immunomodulatory properties | Inhibited the development of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE | [164] |
| Immunoprotective effects [in vivo] | Wistar rats | 1–100 intraperitoneal | Natural and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression | TNF-a, IL-10, COX-2, IgG and IgA levels in serum were increased by and immune parameters such as myeloid cells [RBC, WBC, and hb], body weight, splenic index, and thymic index in the spleen and thymus were enhanced | [168] |
| Lung disorder [in vivo] | Wistar rats | 0.175–0.7 mg/mL | WBC count were improved, but their lymphocytes were reduced [p < 0.05 to p < 0.001]. | A significant decrease in tracheal tolerance, neutrophil and eosinophil counts, but a significant increase in lymphocyte count [p < 0.05 to p < 0.001] | [169] |
| Hepatoprotective [in vivo] | Adult male albino rats | 200–450 mg/kg | Decreased alanine aminotransferase and overall serum bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent way | Decrease in alanine levels. Paracetamol hepatotoxic rats' aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], and complete serum bilirubin [TSB]. | [23] |
| Anti-cancer effect [in vitro] | Murine ovarian cancer model | 20 mg/kg | Blocks tumor cell growth | Blocks the activation of M2 macrophages | [95] |
| Antidiabetic effect [in vivo] | Diabetic rats | Aqueous extract of onions [25 mg/kg] for 21 days | Reduced blood glucose level | Increased glucose uptake into soleus muscle | [101] |
| Rats | 200 mg/kg | Decrease in blood glucose level | Stimulate the formation of pancreatic β cells | [102] | |
| Rats | 3 mL/100 g | Decrease in blood glucose level | n.m. | [100] | |
| Antihypercholesterolemic effect [in vivo] | Sprague Dawley rats | 4.5 g/kg body weight | Inhibited the formation of atherosclerosis | n.m. | [106] |
| Mice | 2% raw or heat processed onions with high cholesterol diet | Reduced the risk of CGS | Decrease cholesterol secretion in bile and increase bile acid excretion | [107] | |
| Antioxidant effects [in vivo] | Broiler chicken | 3 g/kg diet | Increased antioxidant enzyme activities | n.m. | [122] |
| Antiobesity effects [in vivo] | Rats | 92.6 mg/kg bw/days | Weight gain reduced significantly compared to the rats who were only fed high fat diet | n.m. | [130] |